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August, 1963

and automation

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Computer Art Contest
First Prize

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THE LAST WORD

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That's what this tape says. And that's
what Data-Phone service is— the last
word in data communications.

Business machines do the talking-
over regular telephone lines at regular
telephone rates. The results: big savings
of time and money in shipping data . . .
increased efficiency for your business.

And when the machines aren't talking,
you can use the Data- Phone data set
as a regular telephone.

Talk to one of our Communications
Consultants about versatile Data- Phone
service. Just call your Bell Telephone
Business Office and ask for him.

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

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The Computer and Art

The cover photograph on our January 1963 issue (see the
small inset picture) was an example of an artistic design
produced by an automatic computer. This set us thinking.
So in February we announced a "Computer Art Contest,"
an informal contest for examples of visual creativity in
which a computer plays a dominant role; our August issue
was to announce the results.

The first prize goes to the art on our front cover for this
issue: a "Splatter Pattern" produced as a plot of the radial
and tangential distortion of a camera lens. It is a valid
plot of an actual computer-found solution, graphed auto-
matically by a DATAPLOTTER made by Electronic Asso-
ciates, Inc., Long Branch, N. J.

The second prize, "Stained Glass Window," shown above,
was produced on the same plotter by programming a digital
computer to solve an area-filling equation; the line widths
in the plot were varied by using different ruling pens.

The editors of Computers and Automation, though with-
out professional qualifications in the field of art, have
agreed that these two designs are beautiful, and should be
published. And we hope that the next Computer Art Con-
test which we shall run will call forth more such computer

EDITORIAL

art, unusual, creative, beautiful. We invite our readers to
submit work or ideas which they or their associates have
produced in this area of computer art.

KvoNwoivA'^I % «3'

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Editor

♦— — Circle No. 3 on Readers Service Card
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

"Why we chose the NCR 390 Computer."

Bridgeport Metal Goods Mrg. Co., Bridgeport, Conn.

"Even though we are not an industrial giant, com-
pared with many of the firms installing computers
today, we had urgent need for what has come to be
called a 'total system.' After evaluating the many sys-
tems available, we chose the NCR 390 computer as
the one most suited to our particular needs.

"With the 390 we are able to continue using hard
copy accounting records which have proven to be so
essential to us over the years. Of importance, how-
ever, is the fact that now these records are also able
to store data electronically, and to act as their own
input to the computer.

"Basically, our NCR 390 has enabled us to inte-

grate our accounting and reporting procedures. Be-
cause of the comparative simplicity of the 390, we
have not had to hire professional electronic pro-
grammers. We accomplish all systems and program-
ming functions within our own organization.

"In summary, our new tool — the NCR 390
computer — is providing new capabilities, enabling
us to do a more efficient accounting job, to upgrade
our reporting procedures, and to obtain a significant
return on our investment."

William H. Beach, Vice President & Treasurer

NCR PROVIDES TOTAL SYSTEMS - FROM ORIGINAL ENTRY TO FINAL REPORT—

THROUGH ACCOUNTING MACHINES, CASH REGISTERS OR ADDING MACHINES, AND DATA PROCESSING

The National Cash Register Co. '1,133 offices in 120 countries • 79 years of helping business save money
Circle No. 4 on Readers Service Card

NCR

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

First prize in our

Computer Art Contest for the

front cover of the August

issue goes to the "Splatter Diagram"

produced by a computer-directed

plotter. More on this subject

is on page 3-

AUGUST, 1963 Vol. XII, No. 8

editor and publisher
EDMUND C. BERKELEY

assistant editors

MOSES M. BERLIN

NEIL D. MACDONALD

LINDA LADD LOVETT

contributing editors

ANDREW D. BOOTH

NED CHAPIN

JOHN W. CARR, III

ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER

PETER KUGEL

advisory committee

T. E. CHEATHAM, JR.

GEORGE E. FORSYTHE

RICHARD W. HAMMING

ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER

HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.

associate publisher
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN

production manager
ANN B. BAKER

art director
N. DORF

circulation manager

VIRGINIA A. NELSON, 815 Washington St.

Newtonville 60, Mass., DEcatur 2-5453

advertising representatives

New York 18, BERNARD LANE

37 West 39 St., BRyant 9-7281

Chicago 11, COLE, MASON AND DEMING

737 N. Michigan Ave., SU 7-6558

Los Angeles 5, WENTWORTH F. GREEN

300 S. Kenmore Ave., DUnkirk 7-8135

San Francisco 5, A. S. BABCOCK

605 Market St., YUkon 2-3954

Elsewhere, THE PUBLISHER

815 Washington St., DEcatur 2-5453

Newtonville 60, Mass.

computers and data processors:
the design, applications,
and implications of
information processing systems.

In This Issue

9 DECIPHERING ANCIENT MAYA WRITING WITH AID FROM A
COMPUTER

by Nicolai Meisak

12 COMPUTER IN THE BATHTUB, OR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
FOR PROCESSING CLUES AND HINTS

by Peter Kugcl

20 ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (Part 1)

by Stanislaw M. Ulam

In Every Issue

across the editor's desk

COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER

6
45

19
46

editorial

The Computer and Art

editor's scratchpad

Nuggets of Computerology — UOALPASKB

readers' and editor's jorum

Internal Revenue Service Approves Tax Deduction for Education Expense

in Striving to Keep Up With Technological Change
Calendar of Coming Events

reference information

Monthly Computer Census

New Patents, by Raymond R. Skolnick

index of notices

Who's Who in the Computer Field
Advertising Index

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE 60, MASS., BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. PRINTED IN U.S.A. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: UNITED STATES,
$15.00 FOR 1 YEAR, $29.00 FOR 2 YEARS, INCLUDING THE JUNE DIRECTORY ISSUE; CANADA, ADD 50c A YEAR FOR POSTAGE; FOREIGN, ADD $1.50 A YEAR FOR POSTAGE. ADDRESS ALL EDITORIAL AND
SUBSCRIPTION MAIL TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE 60, MASS. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON, MASS.

POSTMASTER: PLEASE SEND ALL FORMS 3579 TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE 60, MASS. ©COPYRIGHT, 1963, BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. CHANGE OF AD-
DRESS: IF YOUR ADDRESS CHANGES, PLEASE SEND US BOTH YOUR NEW ADDRESS AND YOUR OLD ADDRESS (AS IT APPEARS ON THE MAGAZINE ADDRESS IMPRINT), AND ALLOW THREE WEEKS FOR THE
CHANGE TO BE MADE.

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, FOR AUGUST, 1963

READERS' & EDITOR'S FORUM

INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE APPROVES

TAX DEDUCTION FOR EDUCATION EXPENSE

IN STRWING TO KEEP UP WITH

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

Mrs. Helen Solem
Hillsboro, Oregon

From the District Director of Internal Revenue came
this unpretentious but momentous notice recently:

Our recent examination of your tax liability for the
year indicated discloses that no change is necessary
to the tax reported. Accordingly, the return will be
accepted as filed.
Thus culminated seven long months of argument.
The question was:

When Is Education Expense a Legitimate Tax De-
duction?
I felt certain that education expense incurred in striving
to keep pace with technological changes in data processing
would qualify for tax exemption under Internal Revenue
Code 11,501, Regulation 1.162.5 (a):

An individual's expenses for education are deductible
if primarily undertaken for maintaining or improv-
ing skills required in his trade or business or em-
ployment, or to meet the express requirements of his
employer or the requirements of applicable law or
regulations imposed as a condition for his retention
of his salary, status or employment.
And I accordingly regarded my education expense as a
legitimate tax deduction.

The IRS auditor examining my return denied the de-
duction and billed me for an additional $86 under IRS
regulations:

27 — The cost of education required of a taxpayer in
order to meet minimum requirements for qualifica-
tion or establishment in his intended trade, business,
or specialty is not deductible because it is personal
in nature; and

28 — The cost of education undertaken primarily for

personal purposes or for fulfilling general education

aspirations is not deductible expense.

To me it was plain the Internal Revenue people in the

Northwest, perhaps even across the nation, did not fully

comprehend the impact of computers on data processing

methods today. It seemed to me a very important task to

explain this clearly and point out some of the significant

implications for society.

When a RAMAC 305 and an IBM 1401 computer sys-
tem are ordered and then installed so as to turn out pay-

rolls, update inventory records, do forecasting, prepare
sales analyses and other such reports — more efficiently and
more economically than are being turned out using stand-
ard punch card machine methods, more education is often
required in order for the people involved to stay employed
on that work.

This fact took a long time sinking in for many tabulat-
ing machine operators. Some of them resisted the changes
with all their strength. In the beginning of using computers
there were many examples of human error and the resulting
machine "garbage" that they pointed to in ridicule. More
than one large firm in the Northwest gave up their com-
puter investment and simply wrote it off as a very costly
mistake. 1 However, more and more frequently the word
spread around at management conferences and in journals
of the singular, spectacular cost-cutting possible as the en-
lightened, pioneering managers persisted and sought dili-
gently for better trained people.

Though all of this seemed obvious, it was not obvious to
a good many people who should have been more knowl-
edgeable on the subject. When my tax deduction was first
disallowed, I consulted some friends in the tax counselling
world. They sincerely advised me to accept the auditor's
findings. I became more convinced than ever that the very
people who should be guiding the thinking and the eco-
nomic progress of the Northwest were unaware of some of
the fundamental changes occurring in society. 2

Continual education is one of the most desperate needs
in the whole field of technology today. Automation is al-
ready a tremendously big field and is ever changing, ad-
vancing. For most of us formal education in subjects such
as mathematics, economics, statistics, English composition
is necessary in order to keep in step.

There are relatively few organized training centers. For
the majority of us further education will depend on indi-
vidual initiative. Moreover, technical training is only a
part of becoming fully competent. In drder to turn out
professional work professional training is required. Such
attributes as learning to critically evaluate the problem at
hand, or to put in writing ideas and instructions in order
to communicate, must be acquired. Even the gradual de-
veloping of the person by the discipline higher education
generates must be acquired. These are all necessary in
order to solve the .technical problems of today — in order to
put the machines to work and to upgrade people.

It is good to have concrete recognition of this fact at last
from the Internal Revenue Service.

1. See Computers and Automation, May, 1961, "Bugs in Automation."'

2. I am indebted to the accountants of Pattullo & Gleason, Tax Coun-
sellors, for the reference material they provided and the use of their
fine library.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

EDITOR'S

SCRATCHPAD

The next time you meet an old acquaintance who
greets you with a "So what's doing in your field?",
be prepared. There is no need for a desperate ran-
dom search of memory in the hope of retrieving some-
thing impressive. Listed below are a string of cur-
rent facts about the computer field designed to
raise the eyebrows of even as skeptical a person as
your Aunt Tilly (who always said you and your com-
puters would never amount to anything). These bit-
size nuggets of computerology were compiled by the
Public Information Office of the American Federation
of Information Processing Societies, and include:

There are 12,000 machines of all sizes in the United
States, and installations are increasing by approx-
imately 500 per month.

90% of all the computers in the world are in the
United States.

95% of all the computing power in the world is in
the United States.

The total power in the United States is equal to the
ability to perform 110,000,000 additions every
second .

Today's price for execution of a computer operation
is roughly 1,000,000 additions per dollar.

By 1967 the price for computer operations should be
reduced to 10,000,000 additions per dollar.

Computers range in price from $18,000 to more than
$2,000,000.

They can be rented for from $600 per month to
$60,000 per month.

Current large machines cost about 10C per second.

The industry employs more than 1,000,000 people. It
has created wholly new skills, professions, and
technologies .

The computer industry is making equipment deliveries
of approximately $1.5 billion a year.

Equipment deliveries are expected to reach $5.5 bil-
lion in 1970.

The computer industry is growing twice as fast as
the electronic industry as a whole.

Third -generation computers will cost 2.5 times more
than current equipment but will operate 10 times
faster.

There are more than 20 companies manufacturing elec-
tronic computers; more than 200 companies are
making peripheral and accessory equipment.

The total rental of current machine installations is
in the area of $75 million per month.

■k k k * -k

We are wondering where UOALPASKB (the Use of
Outlandish Acronyms to Label Projects and Activities
by those who Should Know Better) will end. In fact,
a computer engineer friend of ours told us recently
that at his company one of the time factors govern-
ing the development of new R&D proposals for the
government was IIFSCDUIAP (How Fast Someone Could
Dream Up an Interest! up, Acronym for tin; Project).

Some of the jaw-breaking examples of UOALi'ASKU
we have noted recently are SICODCPT (Special Interest
Committee on Digital Computer Programmer Training),
and ICIREPAT International Committee on Information
Retrieval for Experts in Patent Office Techniques).

Really, isn't the computer field beset with
enough language problems without artifically creating
more? By the time the meanings of ordinary English
words -in the computer field are stabilized and stan-
dardized, we shall find that there are hundreds of
weird and unpronounceable acronyms to deal with.

We think it is time for a counter-attack. We
are hoping to form a LSOAOFL (Let's Stamp Out Acron-
yms Over Five Letters) Club. Readers sympathetic
with this endeavor should submit their names (no
initials! , please) to LSOAOFL Club, c/o Computers
and Automation, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville
60, Mass.

k k k -k k

MARKET TIP: LOOK FOR a large increase in the
number of computers in the defense installations.
Estimates recently have been revised upward to ap-
proximately 1075 computers in defense installations
by the middle of 1964. Previous estimates for 1963
indicated 775 computers in use in such applications
by mid-July. Currently there are over 825.

Over-all defense expenditures for computers
and punched card installations, including supporting
personnel and contractual services is expected to
exceed $515 million in fiscal year 1964.

Conducted by Leichtlicht Schreibfeder

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

o o

o o o

)

Three Siberian computer scientists —
Edward Evreinov, Yuri Kosarev, and
Valentin Ustinov — have largely de-
ciphered hitherto unread manuscripts
of ancient Maya. They achieved this
using 100 hours on an electronic com-
puter.

The Data

In the jungle of Yucatan are ruined
cities, towers, temples, palaces, ancient
pyramids and steles, covered with
sculptured images and written charac-
ters; they were discovered in the 19th
century. Somewhat later there was
found the "Relacion de las Cosas de
Yucatan" ("Report on the Affairs in
the Yucatan") by Diego de Landa, a
Spanish missionary, which had lain
for 300 years on the shelves of the
Royal Library in Madrid. The manu-
script spoke about the Maya people
who had, built cities in the Yucatan,
and reproduced similar strange writ-
ten characters. Manuscripts with writ-
ings and characters that strikingly re-
sembled these were also found in the
museums of Dresden, Madrid, and
Paris.

l-'or unlocking the riddle of the
Maya writing, there were in addition
the "Chilam-Balam" volumes of his-
torico-mythological, calendar and astro-
logical content, written during the

period of colonialism in the language
of Maya, but in the Spanish alphabet.
Also, there was the Coronel grammar
of 1620, one of the earliest Maya
grammars; and several lexicons com-
piled by Spanish missionary-monks,
including the most authentic of these,
the so-called "Motul Lexicon."

The first researchers among the mys-
terious Maya manuscripts — Brasseur de
Bourbourg, Cyrus Thomas, B. L.
Whorf, and others — sought to read the
manuscripts using the "Landa Alpha-
bet." Landa's "Relacion de las Cosas
de Yucatan" gave much information
about the Maya culture, and the alpha-
bet he suggested contained 27 hiero-
glyphs. Moreover, he gave the hiero-
glyphs denoting the names of the 20
days of the month and of the 18
months of the Maya calendar.

Using Landa's information, research-
ers after many years came to under-
stand the Maya calendar and their
astronomical tables. Cyrus Thomas
succeeded in deciphering three words.
But when these researchers tackled the
task of deciphering the manuscripts,
they found 300-odd hieroglyphs. In
addition to the hieroglyphs of the
"Landa Alphabet," some hieroglyphs
of the manuscripts were definitely
ideographic, that is, they conveyed

whole ideas, in the same way as "_i."
meaning "divided by" is an ideogram.
These researchers pored over the
available information about the Maya
language, but attempts to decipher a
more or less coherent portion of the
manuscripts remained unsuccessful. In
1945, in fact, one investigator, Paul
Schellhas, who had devoted nearly all
his life to the decipherment of the
Maya writing, declared: "The manu-
scripts do not make sense. They will
never be deciphered. Never. . . ."

Another Attempt

Before graduating from Moscow
University, Valentin Ustinov had spe-
cialised in the history of Ancient
Greece. A specialist in computing
technique, Yuri Kosarev is an alumnus
of the Kiev University. Edward Evrei-
nov graduated from the Department
of Automation and Remote Control
of the Institute of Railway Engineers.
When certain leading Soviet scientists
moved to Siberia, these young men
went with them, and the three found
themselves at the Institute of Mathe-
matics of the Siberian Branch of the
USSR Academy of Sciences in Novo-
sibirsk.

In April 1960 in Moscow, a group
of people gathered in the study of

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

DECIPHERING ANCIENT MAYA WRITING
With Aid from a Computer

A report on the multiple-pronged, computer-
based effort to determine the meaning of
ancient Maya writing, carried out by three
Soviet scientists in Novosibirsk.

Nicolai Meisak
Noxjosty Press Agency
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Valentin Ustinov

Academician Sobolev, who at that time
still headed the Chair of Computa-
tional Mathematics of the Moscow
University; there the idea was ardently
advocated that it was high time to
make the electronic computer the tool
of the historian and the linguist.
Evreinov suggested that an attempt
be made to decipher the Maya manu-
scripts by means of the electronic
computer. Sobolev agreed.

Puzzle

Even the most complicated cross-
word puzzle is child's play compared

with the job that confronted the three
new researchers on the Maya writings.
Evreinov, Kosarev and Ustinov be-
gan to prepare the "machine stage."
They went carefully through the ma-
terial left by their predecessors — a
veritable mountain of volumes: The
catalogues of Maya characters com-
piled by Heitz and Zimmermann, the
information on Maya deities, the im-
portant work by Eric Thompson, the
work of A. Tozzer and Allen, who
studied the Maya language and ex-
plained the drawings of plants and
animals found in the manuscripts,

Edward Evreinov

Yuri Kosarev

treatises on the Maya calendar, astron-
omy and mathematics, the "Grammar
of the Maya Language," various lexi-
cons. And, finally, the works of a
Soviet researcher, Yuri Knorozov, who
gave assistance to the Siberian scien-
tists in the early stage of their studies.
Proceeding through the work of
their precursors, the Siberians devel-
oped their own method of search. It
seemed that those who preceded them
had attacked the problem from some
particular side, but from one side
only. Evreinov, Kosarev and Ustinov
decided to attack it from all sides at

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

[

A page from the Dresden manuscript

A page from the Madrid manuscript
10

once, using the computer. They studied
the drawings, the elements thereof,
calendar dates, the hieroglyphic char-
acters, their combinations; they com-
piled many auxiliary lexicons, indices,
manuals. They systematized the gigan-
tic mound of information, and re-
peatedly checked and re-checked.

Three Stages

They divided the work into the
following three stages:

1. Manuscript analysis. They sought
to establish as fully as possible the
relationships existing in the manu-
scripts, the statistical characteristics of
individual elements of the manuscripts,
how the characters, drawings and dates
combined with each other, the logical
connections between the elements of

the manuscripts. Finally, on this basis,
they assigned a formal (i.e., not involv-
ing semantics) characteristic for each
hieroglyph.

2. Analysis of the Maya language.
They analyzed the Maya language on
the basis of the sources of the period
of the Spanish conquest. They sought
to determine its basic statistical rela-
tionships, to establish how often this
or that particular letter, word, syllable,
or other element occurred, how sepa-
rate elements of the language com-
bined with each other, the character
of the sentence structure, the word
order, etc. In this way they obtained
formal characteristics for each element
of the Maya language from the sources
of the period of the Spanish conquest.

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The upper part of this figure shows in four columns
samples of Maya signs. The middle part of the figure shows
each of these signs converted into computer coding express-
ing the Maya signs. The four rows at the bottom of the
figure show the computer decodings, in a phonetic repre-
sentation of Maya. — The passage is in the nature of a
"priestly synopsis," containing predictions and rites such as:
"God Chak rules this day," or "Days of God Chak's reign,"
"Rainy day," "Day of sacrifices," "Day of bloody offering,"
"Cloudy days." The Soviet scientists insist that this is only a
rough outline of the translation and that historians and
philologists still need to work on the phrases.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

3. Identification of the hieroglyphs.
They sought to identify the hiero-
glyphic characters of the manuscripts,
with the Maya language. They found
satisfactory proof that in its stylistic
features, the language of the manu-
scripts did not differ significantly from
the language of other sources of the
period of the Spanish conquest. This
fact offered a direct opportunity to
identify the hieroglyphic characters of
the manuscripts with elements of the
Maya language, as given by the sources
of the period of the conquest. The
scientists narrowed down the number
of identifications — they compared those
elements of the manuscripts and the
sources which bore resemblance to
each other. The task facing them was
still immensely complex, considering
that the "Motul Lexicon" contained
35 thousand words, whereas the
"Chilam-Balam" contained 64 thou-
sand. To identify a word by the letters
composing it one might have to scan
more than 900 pages of the lexicon.

Computer Assistance

All that had to be processed — hiero-
glyphs; calendar symbols; the drawings
of the manuscripts; the "Motul Lexi-
con"; the "Chilam-Balam" books (writ-
ten in the Latin alphabet, and con-

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9) u mach Chac zuy sac kup

10) u mach Chac hom xoc-... kin akab

11) u nach Chac tl ot oloa otoch

A second sample.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

taining many words of the ancient
language); other materials — were all
translated into a language understand-
able to the computer.

Each hieroglyph was assigned a
three-digit number. Each letter of the
Maya language in the sources was
represented by a two-digit number,
corresponding to its ordinal place in
the alphabet. For instance, the Maya
word "sasa" ("cocoa") when translated
into machine language looked like this:
"03 01 03 01 21."

Each drawing and each element of
a drawing received a code. The head,
the arm, the foot, even the position
of the foot, arm, head, finger, and
eyes in a hieroglyph were each as-
signed a definite number. The entire
vast amount of material became a
sequence of numbers. Drawings and
characters encoded in numbers now
could be easily compared and identi-
fied; their elements could be easily
found in the encoded texts and com-
pared with other parts of the manu-
scripts. This form of encoding made
it possible to process Maya texts on an
automatic computer.

Algorithms and Programs

The algorithms and programs used
belonged to the class of logical opera-
tions on information. The most fre-
quent operation was systematizing
great files of information, considerably
exceeding the capacity of the finite
memory of the computer.

The next task was the scanning of
the dictionary for words that had defi-
nite letters in definite positions. A sim-
ple algorithm was adopted for the solu-
tion of the problem. Divided into equal
portions, the lexicon was fed into the
finite memory of the computer from
punch cards or magnetic tapes; 10 words
at a time were checked for the presence
of definite letters in definite positions.
The specific input time (per one word)
then amounted approximately to half
a minute.

These programs typically have high
input and output time, and use of
many logical commands. The problem
is therefore close to the problems of
machine translation, statistical process-
ing of economic data, and mechanized
accounting.

The computer processed huge files
of information. Then, before the
watching scientists, there began to
emerge the main formal relationships
of the Maya language, the formal fea-
tures of the hieroglyphic characters.
The statistical features of the Maya
language were determined; a logical
picture of the analysis of the drawings
and characters was given. The com-
puter in its 100 hours did a job that
it would have taken a man centuries
to perform.

(Please turn to Page ft)

THE COMPUTER IN THE BATHTUB

Programming Techniques for
Processing Clues and Hints

Peter Kugel
Technical Operations
Burlington, Mass.

How to proceed in the direction of having
a computer make associations and dis-
coveries, even some unexpected ones.

Archimedes: "Eureka!"

Archimedes is reported to have discovered a basic princi-
ple of physics while taking a bath in a tub. This paper
deals with one element in the problem of programming a
computer to do the same kind of thing. I am, of course,
not interested in the physical problem of squeezing a com-
puter into a bathtub. What is striking about the story of
Archimedes is not the physical "where" of the discovery,
but rather, the intellectual "where."

One would expect Archimedes to discover a principle
of physics while puttering around a laboratory or while
scribbling on a blackboard — but not while washing him-
self. Yet one suspects that there is something essential
about Archimedes being in the bathtub to the making of
his discovery. He did not make his discovery in a labora-
tory or on a blackboard not only because laboratories and
blackboards as such had not yet been invented, but also
because it was rather essential that he be doing something
that was, by the standards of his time, not germane to the
problem at hand, so that he might gain an essentially new
insight into his problem. In other words, there was some-
thing about his being engaged in something seemingly
utterly irrelevant that was important for solving his prob-
lem in a creative and novel way.

What was essential was probably not merely that his mind
needed a rest. Rather it needed some new (and at the time,

i This paper is an expurgated and annotated version of three of my
others: "Contemplative Computers," read at the IEEE Winter General
Meeting in New York, N. Y., in January, 1903; "Data Retrieval for
Command and Control," read at the MORS in Santa Monica, Calif.,
in November, IWY2.; and "A Data Structure for Data Retrieval," read
at the Association for Computing Machinery Meeting in Syracuse,
N. Y., in October, 1962. What has been expurgated has been some
(if the details and as much of the jargon and mathematical symbolism
as seemed feasible. The annotations consist largely of the addition of
further examples and illustrative material.

a seemingly irrelevant) input. His creative act consisted
in seeing the relevance of this input (Archimedes floating
in the bathtub) to his problem (the metallic makeup of a
golden crown he had been asked to assay), a relevance
which no one had ever seen before and which nobody had
ever taught him (or programmed him) to recognize.

The problem of getting the computer (figuratively) into
the bathtub, therefore, is not one of freeing it from drudg-
ery and allowing it a little bit of leisure time to rest its
transistors. Rather it seems to be the problem of getting
the computer to "rub" ideas together in novel ways; of
figuring out ways to get the computer to "see" the relevance
of apparently irrelevant information. This is really* the
problem of programming the general notion of relevance,
on the one hand, and of programming the way of finding
pieces of information according to this criterion, on the
other hand; it is with this problem that I want to deal.

Creativity

Much of what we call creativity seems merely to be the
ability to see new kinds of relevance in this Archimedean
kind of way, and the anecdotal history of science is studded
with examples of this. One thinks of Newton sitting under
the apple tree and seeing the relevance of a falling apple
to the orbit of Saturn; of James Watt in the kitchen seeing
the relevance of the behavior of a pot lid to the problem
of producing artificial horses; 2 of Glaser seeing the rele-
vance of bubbles in a glass of beer to the problem of de-
tecting the paths of sub-atomic particles; and of others.
True, these stories may be apocryphal and thus only serve
to show what liars historians of science can be. But they
are reminiscent of an experience familiar to most of us,
though perhaps on a somewhat less grandiose scale, namely,
that some apparently irrelevant fact has led us to the solu-
tion of a problem that had been bothering us.

How do we put the pieces together? Or, since that seems
to be a question which we shall not be able to answer
before we know a lot more about the brain than we can

- One suspects that Watt did not see his problem in terms of the
notion of "artificial horses," but the term is no sillier than the term
"artificial intelligence."

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

hope to know in the near future, how can a computer be
made to put pieces together in a similar way?

Using Memories

Computers do not seem to be able to use their memories
in the way that Archimedes and Newton are reputed to
have used theirs at these moments of creative insight. This
is not to assert a statement about sizes and speeds. Rather
it is to assert that the organization of the memories of com-
puters appears to differ from the organization of human
memory.

Suppose that we ask a computer or a human being if it
or he has ever heard of Joe Smith. To ask a computer,
we ask it to look through the contents of its memory and
see whether it can match the string of letters (and a blank)
J, O, E, , S, M, I, T, H. Unless we have prepared for
this by (say) putting all strings of letters in alphabetical
order we will have to make our computer look through
all of its "memory traces" for a match. But people don't
seem to have to do this. Somehow a person seems to just
reach into his mind and find the right memory trace so that
he can say that "Yes, that trace was there" (or, more likely,
"Sure, I know him"). Furthermore, the human being can
say much more about the person to whom this trace refers.

A person is not as literal and plodding in looking for
that trace as the computer. It appears that the person does
not need to match the trace character by character. As a
matter of fact, the human being person is likely to answer,
"Yes, I know him," if the person has heard of Joe Smythe
or if he has merely heard Sam Smith introduce his son as
Joe (or even as Joseph, so that the trace doesn't match the
one demanded by the question anywhere). Human beings
seem to be able to find facts, or even logical consequence
of facts, in their memory according to relevance, and not
as computers seem to require, in terms of the specified loca-
tion of the memory trace in the head, or in terms of the
precise form of the memory trace.

But perhaps the most striking performance is that indi-
cated in an exchange like:

"Do you know Joe Smith?"
"No."

for here the laconic respondent seems to be saying that
something is not in his memory, apparently without even
searching it exhaustively (and he is almost always right).

Factors in Discovery

These far more mundane instances of human information
processing illustrate the two factors we have pointed to in
Archimedes' discovering. One thing that was required was
to see the relevance of such memory traces as that repre-
senting Sam Smith saying, "This is my son, Joseph," to a
question that doesn't match that utterance anywhere, and
the other was the ability to reach into the brain and find
the relevant thing in such a way that when nothing rele-
vant to a question is found one can say there is nothing
relevant to be found.

In the case of Archimedes, these questions boil down to
the question of how the fact (of Archimedes in the bathtub)
and his problem (of the makeup of the crown) got together
in the consciousness of Archimedes. Why did they pop up
at the same time, and how did the mind connect them
together when they did?

How can the computer be made to handle information
in the way that the human memory does? The differences
between the way the two handle information are striking.
Consider just a few.

Differences Between Human Memory
and Computer Memory

The human mind does not seem to be able to add or
multiply without the use of auxiliary devices (such as pencil
and paper); people who can multiply with facility, multiply

"in their heads," are frequently also of very limited ability
otherwise, sometimes feebleminded (idiots savants). But the
computer can add and multiply with an ease and speed
which gladdens the hearts of advertising copy-writers.

People make mistakes. One can put things into a human
memory which insist on coming out wrong. (Try to get a
young child to pronounce "spaghetti.") Computers, unless
one damages the memory trace, can parrot anything.

However, conputers can be easily thrown by a typo-
graphical error which does not seem to bother a human
being at all. (The typographical error in the preceding
sentence did not prevent the reader from understanding it.)

One can store things in a person's mind which he cannot
get at; and yet, under hypnosis we appear to find out that
it was there all the time. But with a computer one can get
it to dump core memory and list all its tapes.

Human beings can remember things when they become
relevant. (We remember that we have to buy toothpaste
when we pass a drugstore.) With a computer we can inter-
rupt its thoughts occasionally to check whether a certain
request has become relevant, but such a process is not like
the one which appears to be involved in our remembering
toothpaste while passing a drugstore. It is not just that the
thought is continually being popped up to check whether
it has become relevant. If this were the case, how would
one explain that women seem to remember that they have
left the oven on at home only when they see someone
burning leaves fifty miles away?

And finally, the human memory is often illogical. Con-
sider a conversation like:

"Do you remember the name of that tall guy at the
party last night?"

"No, but I think it begins with X."
"That's right, it was Felix."

Overcoming the Differences

Hut the purpose of this article is not merely to illustrate
the differences between the way people process information
and the way computers do it. Its main purpose is to show
one way that this difference might, in very small part, be
overcome.

Today we feel pretty sure, for reasons which I shall not
recount here, that anything whatever that can be done in
the way of information processing can be done on a com-
puter. And I feel pretty sure that there is nothing to human
thinking that is not information processing. (I am as aware
as the reader that human beings also have emotions, but
let us, for the moment, assume "either that emotions can
be treated as a kind of information, or that we shall call
"thinking" only those mental processes that can be done
without those parts of the emotions that cannot be repre-
sented as information. These processes may not include
creative thought, but even if they do not, it seems to me
that the only way to prove this is by assuming they do and
going as far as one can go.)

The problem, then, is that of modeling, inside a com-
puter, or in terms of the processes of a computer, basic
building blocks in terms of which the kinds of human
mental processes in which we are interested can be con-
structed.

Let us look at the whole job somewhat more prosaically.
What I am concerned with doing is designing a filing system
for storing, mixing, and retrieving data in certain ways;
ways which both the grandiose and ordinary examples listed
above have suggested.

Data as Strings of Characters

To simplify the problem, let us consider only a very
limited kind of data. We shall assume that our data con-
sists (as does this article) of strings of typographical char-
acters. Further, we assume that the computer does not know
what the strings "mean" and that it has no way of repre-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

1.'}

scnting meanings in terms of visual images, sounds, or any
of those sensations in terms of which people think (probably
incorrectly) that they store meanings.

The computer resembles a rather literal-minded file clerk
who must be told precisely what to do in terms of the rather
simple operations with which he is familiar. Our problem
is similar to that of the neurologist attempting to explain
how the human memory does its work in terms of extremely
elementary electrochemical reactions, but our problem is
simpler because our operations are more similar to what the
mind seems to do and because we are not concerned with
verisimilitude.

Filing Operations

The kind of filing system I shall describe in this paper is
perhaps best explained by means of an example. Suppose
that all we want to do is to keep track of the locations of
people, and suppose further that some person (say, our
friend Felix whom we met at the party last night) is now
living in San Francisco. In our file this fact might be repre-
sented by the string of characters: FELIX IS LOCATED
IN SAN FRANCISCO. Let us call such a string a "datum."
It gives us "information" about the string FELIX and about
the string SAN FRANCISCO. Since San Francisco is in
California, we would like the filing system to give us some
information about the string CALIFORNIA, and since
Felix is our friend we would like it to give us some infor-
mation about OUR FRIENDS. Human beings, we feel,
could use the string of characters in our file (together with
an unspecified something which we pass off as "common
sense") to answer questions like, "Do you have any friends
in California?" and our problem is to develop some sort
of system whereby our stupid, but diligent and fast, com-
puter/file clerk could do the same thing: that is, come out
with the string of characters FELIX IS LOCATED IN
SAN FRANCISCO in response to the string DO YOU
HAVE ANY FRIENDS IN CALIFORNIA?

Although the example may seem frivolous, the problem
is not trivial.

List Structures

The structure I want to consider is an extension of the
notion of a "list structure" which is often used in handling
information processing problems on computers. 3

List structures were developed to overcome the limita-
tions of the usual information-storage techniques. For ex-
ample, the usual way of storing information is as follows:

Computer Address
K + 1
K + 2

K + N

Item

First Item

Second Item

N'th Item

■>uch structures have at least two disadvantages which list
structures are intended to eliminate. First, to add an item
in the middle of a list, all the items below it on that list
must be moved. Second, as data are added, lists will over-
flow the space assigned to them, and other lists will have
to be moved to provide the space required. List structures
avoid these difficulties by not storing items in sequential
locations. Instead items are stored in any available loca-
tion, along with the address of the next item on the list.

List structures look like this:

Computer

Address

Item
Second Item

A ddress of Next
Item (Link)

First Item

Last Item

Third Item

(zero)

To add an item to the middle of a list, it is now merely
necessary to change the appropriate chaining entry, which
we shall call a "link," and add the new item in any free
location with the appropriate link. The removing of items
is also simplified.

Extension of a List Structure

The structure we are going to discuss is an extension of
the notion of a list structure. It differs from a list structure
in that the computer can not only tell what is next after
an item on a list by examining the item, but also what is
prior to it. It thus allows the computer to determine the
list to which any item belongs, given only the location of
the item. We do this by having links go in both directions. 4

We will also insist that elements which appear in several
lists appear only once in the internal representation of the
computer, and this is perhaps the basic characteristic of
our file structure. It makes it possible to determine all the
uses made of a given meaningful unit in a datum, and all
information that the system has about this unit (such as
its synonyms).

Colored Threads

To illustrate this notion, suppose a writer is trying to
produce sentences with only a dictionary and colored
thread. To express a given sentence, say THIS IS TUES-
DAY, he can run a thread through the words THIS, IS,
and TUESDAY, in that order. If he runs a second thread
through a given word, say TUESDAY, he may choose a
thread of a different color to avoid the possibility that his
"reader" may get confused at the word TUESDAY and
end up in a different sentence from that in which he began.

Such a situation simplifies certain kinds of searches
through these sentences. Thus, for example, it is now possi-
ble to find everything said about Tuesday except where
our writer referred to this day by means of synonyms.
Such cases can also be handled if the system contains data
about meaningful units, since the statement that "TUES-
DAY and THE DAY AFTER MONDAY are synonyms"
uses the word TUESDAY and therefore requires a thread
through that word. The synonymity can thus be discovered
by an examination of the threads through TUESDAY.

From/To List

In a computer, the equivalent of such threading is ac-
complished by means of a device called a "from/ to list,"
which is a list of pairs of addresses associated with every
meaningful unit in the data base. As its name indicates,
this pair of addresses consists of the address of the unit
which precedes the given unit in a datum, and the address
of the unit which succeeds it.

For example, suppose that our given piece of information,
our datum (we'll call it Datum 1), is the following:

AIRCRAFT 99/LOCATED AT/EDWARDS AFB

Let the phrases separated by slashes be the "meaningful
units." To represent this datum, we put the address of
LOCATED AT next to the phrase AIRCRAFT 99, the

•'•The best discussion of list structures and their uses in probably
Alan Ncwell's (Ed.) "Information Processing Language — V Manual,"
I'rcntice-Hall, Inc.,' 1961.

4 To the best of my knowledge, this type of two-directional list was
first used by Aiko Hormann in SDC's ROVER programming system.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

addresses of AIRCRAFT 99 and EDWARDS AFB next to
LOCATED AT, and so forth. Thus, if we denote the
address of a phrase ... by A(. . .), our structure repre-
senting this datum is as follows:

Address
A(Aircra£t 99)
A(Located At)
A(Edwards AFB)

Phrase
Aircraft 99
Located At
Edwards AFB

From

A(Aircraft 99)

A(Located At)

A(Located At)
A(Edwards AFB)

This is how the threading of the datum is represented
on a computer. However, we still have the problem of
representing individual words. Unlike the words in a dic-
tionary which can accommodate many threads, the words
in a computer cannot accommodate more than one from/
to pair. Therefore, to represent meaningful units (the
equivalent of the words in the dictionary), we introduce
a list of the from /to pairs, which we call a from /to list.
We now have two kinds of associative list structures, one
that goes in two directions and denotes the data, and one
that goes in one direction and denotes words. The chaining
entries in the former kind of list are the from/to pairs,
and the chaining entries in the second kind of list we call
the links. Thus, if we had an additional datum (Datum 2),
that:

AIRCRAFT 99/ASSIGNED TO/SQUADRON X

we would have the following situation at the location of
AIRCRAFT 99:

Address

Phrase

From

Link

A(Aircraf t 99)
Y

Aircraft 99

A(Located At)
A(Assigned To)

Threading

Let us switch back briefly to our threading. One thing
that we have left out of our considerations is the coloring
of the threads. Using just the machinery we have described
so far the hypothetical author of these data (Datum 1 and
Datum 2) will have no difficulty when he uses single words
more than once, since he will not get lost when threading
down a list. If, however, he uses a sequence of words twice,
he will run into trouble when he tries to read what he has
written. Suppose he wants to write both THIS IS TUES-
DAY and WEDNESDAY THIS IS NOT. As long as he
was using colored threads he could simply use a different
color for each sentence and not run into trouble. Using
our from/ to lists, however, he runs into difficulty when he
is chaining down the first sentence and gets to the word
IS. At this point all that he knows is that he is in a sen-
tence which comes from the word THIS, but there are two
such sentences. He might equally well finish up on either
one so that he could come up with the sentence THIS
IS NOT, which he never intended to write in the first place.

Local Identifiers

In order to avoid this one can do the computer equiva-
lent of putting in local colors. What one does is to allow
local tags, called "identifiers," which are numbers intended
to keep one from getting lost in such situations. Suppose
that we have already stored the sentence THIS IS TUES-
DAY and now want to store WEDNESDAY THIS IS NOT.
When we are storing the word IS in this second sentence
we observe that he have another sentence which comes from
THIS so we tag the from/ to pairs representing these uses
of THIS with numbers (say and 1) and tag each repre-
sentation of IS with the same number as this appropriate
THIS. Now, when we are chaining down a sentence and
come to its THIS, we pick up the appropriate identifier
which allows us to pick up the correct pair representing
IS. We can thus avoid possible confusion.

One of the more interesting characteristics of such struc-
tures comes from the fact that one needs identifiers and
that the space in a computer is" limited. These two facts
force one to permit no more than a certain maximum num-

ber of identifiers at any juncture. When these are used
up, one is forced to put one's "words" together. Thus, if
one uses the pair THIS IS too often, one has to make a
new "word" out of them together. In this way such memory
structures are forced to form units in terms of which their
memories are stored and their world is "conceptualized."
These units are a product of their experience. Give two
such structures different experiences and the ways they
chunk their memories (and store new facts) will differ.

Returning now to the aircraft example, note that the
phrase AIRCRAFT 99 is not repeated in the second from/
to pair. Each item in the data structure now has four parts:
an address, the phrase itself, a from/ to. pair, and a link,
and space must be saved for each. Often these spaces will
not be used, and thus ways have been considered to elimi-
nate them for practical applications. The largest amount
of space must be saved for the data parts, and where this
space is not used (as at address Y above) there is great
waste. For this reason, as well as to simplify data storage,
one can use a dictionary, ordered alphabetically, to trans-
late from a phrase to a computer address. Now it is not
necessary to store the phrase at the address which repre-
sents it in the computer, since the "meaning" of the address
is uniquely represented by the dictionary. In addition, a
dictionary simplifies the job of finding data parts (since
the dictionary is ordered alphabetically) and it allows one
to handle certain synonyms automatically (one uses the same
address as the dictionary "definition" of the equivalent
phrases). Our data structure now has two parts and it
looks as follows:

1. Input Dictionary

Phrase Address

Aircraft 99 A(Aircraft 99)
Assigned To A(Assigned To)
Edwards AFB A(Edwards AFB)
Located At A(Located At)

2. Memory Structure

Address

From To

Link

A(Aircraft 99)

Y
A(Located At)

A(Located At)
A(Assigned To)
A(Aircraft 99) A(Edwards AFB)

Reiranslation

To retranslate data into the phrases they represent, we
need another dictionary for outputting purposes. Such an
output dictionary will contain the same entries as the input
dictionary, but they will be sequenced by increasing address
numbers to simplify the job of finding a phrase in terms of
the addresses that represent it.

One characteristic of such a structure that might be re-
marked on at this point is that if we only allow a program
to be "conscious" of things which it can express, then it
cannot be "conscious" of how it is thinking once it has
gone beyond the input dictionary and until it gets back to
the output dictionary. Human beings seem to be subject
to some such limitation.

Another thing about these dictionaries is that they make
it possible to store a lot more memories than a straight-
forward list of facts, provided only that our list of facts
contains lots of similar parts.

Question Answering

Our total structures can be used in computer programs
which can answer certain types of questions. In order to
simplify our considerations, let us assume that questions
and data have the same syntax and that questions are dis-
tinguished from data by the presence of some sign, say ? .
Letting our system speak pidgin English (or an equivalent),
the problem of a routine which can answer a question like
PARIS IN l-KANCE? assuming that the datum PARIS IN
FRANCE exists in the memory and independently of the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

particular words in the position of PARIS, IN, and
FRANCE is now simple to produce. It goes from the
node IN and looks for the from/to pair whose entries are
the addresses of PARIS and FRANCE. This is a quite
general but also quite elementary routine.

It is also relatively simple to devise routines which will
answer questions such as PARIS IN ... ? (an equivalent
of "Where is Paris"), given a datum of the form PARIS
IN FRANCE in the memory. However, more powerful
machinery is required to answer questions of the form
NEW YORK CITY IN U.S.A.? given only the data NEW
YORK CITY IN NEW YORK STATE and NEW YORK
STATE IN U.S.A. (This is a simple inference for human
beings to make, but that is not the point. Human beings
have available to them (implicitly) other information and
machinery which make the implication appear obvious.)
More powerful machinery is also required for such infer-
ences as that required to take data containing NEW
YORK CITY IS NEAR NEWARK, NEWARK IS IN
NEW JERSEY, and respond to a question with NEW
YORK "CITY IS PROBABLY IN NEW JERSEY.

Incorrect Guesses

Such an inference, however wrong in its conclusion, is
justified on the basis of the limited given information. In-
deed, we shall want systems which make incorrect "guesses"
so that, for a given application, we shall be able to "teach"
our system by giving it information, testing it, giving it
more information, and so forth. I see no reason why we
should expect our artificial intelligence not to require
"teaching." Indeed, it seems to me that a good "learning
machine" should be teachable from a good "teaching ma-
chine." One way of looking at the structure and algorithms
discussed in this paper is as a way of extending existing
computers so that they can be programmed by the same
kind of programmed teaching as people can be taught.

Meta-Data

For the purposes of making such types of inferences we
add to our structure a different kind of element much like
the elements that represent data parts but which need not
be linked to address in the input dictionary. We call such
elements "meta-data."

Meta-data represent facts about parts of other data. Con-
sider, for example, a fact about the relation expressed by
the string of letters IS LOCATED IN. We know that if
A is located in B and B is located in C, then A is located
in C, no matter what we have in the place of A, B, and C.
Mathematicians express this fact by calling the relation
expressed by IS LOCATED IN "transitive." In general,
knowing such facts about parts of data allows us to make
more complex inferences of the types suggested above.

Our structures provide a good vehicle for writing routines
that utilize such meta-data. For one thing, they make it
possible to discover whether or not there are any relevant
meta-data that can be used to find an appropriate answer
when no answer can be found by direct search. (They sim-
plify the job of finding premises from which a desired con-
clusion can be deduced.) Since a meta-datum about a
datum of the form L(x) uses the string L; it is linked to
this string by the from/ to list associated with the element
representing L. It can thus be found directly from the
address of that element. For another thing, it is quite easy
to write routines which search for data usable with meta-
data. Thus, for example, much of the reasoning one would
expect in fact-retrieval is that which can be expressed in
the logic of relations. If one is looking for an answer to
a question of the form R(x,y)?, and one knows that R is
transitive, a simple algorithm consists of trying to match
the "to" entries of the element representing x with the
"from" entries of the element representing y.

If the data represent classes and their members, and one

obtains a question of the form C(x)?, one may, upon failure
by simpler searches, consider classifying x to see if it is
linked, via the element representing class membership, to
any other element, and then investigate the "C-ishness"
of the members of those classes (all of which can be found
by tracing back down from the class name). The kinds of
exhaustive search required for some kinds of inferences are
thus simplified.

Principles and Relative Success

A system given the kind of rule of procedure described
in the previous paragraph might keep track of particular
principles used and their subsequent success or failure.
(This is one reason for allowing the system to make "mis-
takes.") If a principle appeared to be of considerable value
in a given kind of case, it might be put at the head of some
sort of queue and by using principles from the heads of
queues, the system might adapt to the questions of its
particular environment. For example, going to instances
of the class "man" might be useful if a system knew a lot
of individual men, but not useful for the class "goldfinch"
(unless the system represented a goldfinch or an ornitholo-
gist who knew a lot of individual goldfinches). Thus, a
given system might develop quite different principles in
one environment than it would in another, and thus de-
velop something akin to a "personality."

Discovery of Principles

We can carry the notion of meta-data to higher levels.
Thus, we might consider meta-data which are themselves
about meta-data (rather than about data). Such meta-data
might explain how human beings learn such facts as that
"is located in" is transitive (which most human beings
seem to use without knowing that they know it). For ex-
ample, suppose that we have a higher level datum which
tells us to assume transitivity (or any other characteristic
of relations) whenever it seems to hold in lots of instances.
For example, the relation IS LOCATED IN would be
assumed transitive if we had lots of data pairs of the form:
A IS LOCATED IN B x and B 2 IS LOCATED IN C
such that Bi and Bo were the same string. By the use of
such a process a computer program might learn to discover
principles which it could later use for making inferences.

"Introspection"

We might christen such a process of looking for higher
level meta-data "introspection." It consists of trying to
generalize from facts we already know. The results of such
introspection need not (and probably should not) be given
the status of permanence immediately. One might have the
computer hold them as temporary hypotheses. Hypotheses
can then be checked by making the "guesses" that they
imply, or, in other words, asserting the data which follow
from them.

The process of "inventing" hypotheses in this manner
can be time-consuming. This suggests that it might be con-
ducted during a computer's "spare time." One might con-
struct a list of problems for which solutions were sought
and allow incoming data to provide "hints" for solution.
A systematic technique for doing this could consist of
placing data which represented problems to the heads of
lists so that when new data was stored in these lists, it
would be compared to the "nagging" problems at their
heads. The discovery of a solution to such nagging prob-
lems, at some time when we did not appear to be "thinking"
about them (i.e., when they were not in the "control"
register), has some of the characteristics of "sudden in-
sights," or the phenomenon of thinking up (too late) clever
things one "might have said" in a situation now past.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Remembering When Appropriate

Such a mechanism might account for such human capa-
bilities as the ability to remember things when they are
appropriate. For example, we remember that we need
razor blades when we pass the drugstore, because when
we store the fact that we are passing a drugstore, we may
have an automatic routine to scan the heads of nodes in
close structural proximity to the node being stored. If we
had noted the lack of razor blades recently, this fact would
be chained to the head of the node "razor blade" and thus
be "recalled" during the storage process. On the other hand
such memories need not always occur precisely when they
are appropriate, as is indicated by the fact that we do not
remember to turn off the light when we leave the house,
but rather when we see a light on in a house some ten
miles away.

"Contemplation"

The problem of getting appropriate insights by intro-
spection during "spare time" quite naturally suggests the
problem of control: how should systems of the "contempla-
tive" sort required for obtaining insights be controlled, or
in more anthropomorphic terms: how can such systems de-
cide what to "think" of next? Here there are really two
types of questions. One is what sorts of goals (if any)
should such a system set for itself, and the second is how
is it to sequence through its data in the pursuit of these
goals. Let us examine the second question. Let us assume
that for some reason we wish to give such a system "free
will"; that is, we would like it to be able to "contemplate"
independently. What sort of a request is this?

We appear to have at least four alternatives as to how
control might be determined. The first is to permit a ran-
dom element, either by use of random numbers for switch-
ing, or by choosing unreliable components. In such a man-
ner the behavior of the system might be made unpredictable,
but one feels that such unpredictability should not be called
"free will." It seems no more like free will than a twitch.

Three other sources of control are available, and they
have quite obvious human analogues. We can allow the
system to be controlled by its immediate experiences, we
can allow it to adapt as a function of its total experience
(perhaps allowing the importance of the previous experi-
ence in this role to be a function of its age, or of some
utility measure) or we can specifically determine the modes
of choosing that it is to subscribe to by programming fixed
orders.

The first two of these modes are similar to the notion
of a human being being controlled by his environment,
while the third is similar to the human being being con-
trolled by his heredity. (This latter human situation may
not be completely described by considering control only
since one way that heredity may influence the behavior
of the organism might also be comparable to having an
initial set of data at birth.)

Behavior

One can imagine a structure constructed so that its con-
trol was determined by some mixture of these. If one places
an appropriate emphasis on the second type of control,
one can permit such a structure to develop a "personality"
over time. The importance of early experience in the de-
velopment of such a structure is that these experiences,
using perhaps the kinds of mechanisms described in the
next section, determine the units in terms of which subse-
quent experience is coded, and there is a sense in which
these units may later become inaccessible to the structure
and therefore beyond its ability to change. If we add to

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Candidates should have a college degree or

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Specific areas of systems design include

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Send your complete resume,
including salary requirements, to

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

such a structure: a utility-ordering on elements with nega-
tive utilities; permitting of items to get pushed down the
list if their values are negative; the utility of nodes to be
associative under amalgamation into new elements — then
we seem to get a limited model of something that might
be called a "neurosis." Certain parts of the memory with
no outwardly "apparent" negative utility, which have in-
herited it from some "hypothesis" confirmed in the early
experience of the structure, may tend to get avoided, and
this will not be accessible to the program's conscious control.

If the behavior of a particular structure (built up by
"experience" or data over time) is hampered by such situa-
tions, we may simply erase its tapes and clear core memory.
Alternatively, we may examine its structure and attempt
to debug its "misconceptions." However, if the structure
contains much that is valuable and was difficult to produce,
and if its structures are too complex for us to interpret, we
may seek to chain back by means of its own associative
links and "suggest" revisions. In other words, we may "talk"
to it in terms of its own input dictionary. However, it will
avoid, for the reasons suggested above, precisely those areas
which caused the trouble in the first place. We may there-
fore "suggest" some sort of "free association" without utili-
ties. I am not suggesting that we put an IBM 7090 on some
sort of "psychoanalytic couch." What I am suggesting is
that, much as we imitated human learning in programming
such structures for an application by giving them data, so
the debugging of such structures may require a partial
imitation of our procedures for doing this with humans.

The "personality" of such a structure is determined by
its program and its experience. If these are mixed appro-
priately, it might be said to be "free" in that these combina-
tions of heredity and environment determine its "person-
ality" and its control is determined by this "personality."
It is not clear that such "freedom" is desirable, but it is
one way of allowing these machines to "transcend" their
creators. If these creators find that this leads to unhappy
results, they can, as has been observed, always pull out the
plug.

Coals

Let us now briefly consider the main problem of "free-
ing" introspection, namely, how such systems might deter-
mine their goals. Surely, if their goals are completely de-
termined by their programmers, they cannot be said to
have "free will" except perhaps in the sense that they can
choose the way toward these goals. Is there any reason,
aside from curiosity on our part, why one should allow a
system to select its own goals? I think there is. Much of
what goes under the name of "intelligence" appears to be
largely a matter of setting appropriate goals. This is sug-
gested by the case of many problem-solving programs (to
take just one example) where much of the "intelligence"
consists of setting appropriate subgoals.

One requires only some ultimate goal (which may be
quite abstract indeed, perhaps merely that of maximizing
some sum of utilities) seems to need to be unchangeable in
the absence of some sort of outside intervention. Such a
goal might be the equivalent of "curiosity" (which is not
necessarily ultimate in a human being but might be useful
for a program intended to solve problems). The question
of what the problems such a "curious system" considered
might then be determined by "it." Certainly the problem
of what problems to consider is one that, in human beings,
is credited with requiring considerable intelligence.

It might even be argued that problem raising is a more
fundamental skill than problem solving. Problem solving
(of the kind that appears to be of interest in artificial intelli-
gence) requires problem raising abilities to set subgoals
which, unlike the solution desired, are attainable by means
known to the system.

Immediate, Given Coals

We seem to be inordinately concerned with computer
programs which accomplish some immediate, given goal.
Even in the field of "artificial intelligence," where some
of these immediate goals seem impractical (one proves
theorems, plays games, and so forth), we still seem to have
our eyes set on some tangible result. It seems that we might
study things that computers might do which do not seem
to yield immediate results, or at least which do not imply
that the computer is doing anything in particular to attain
such results. In short, we might consider things that com-
puters might do in their "spare time" when they were not
reaching for goals we had specifically set for them.

When one considers that many of the most interesting
human creations are the result of spare time (and this
gets us back to Archimedes), this concern may not strike
one as completely frivolous.

Critical Size

In this article I have suggested a way of structuring the
memory of a computer which might allow it to perform in
some ways like the human memory. I have also considered
some of the problems that might be associated with such
structuring. I have not said that this is the way that the
human memory is structured, although I have described
some of the behavior of the human memory that strikes
me as puzzling. Nor have I said that this kind of structuring
is likely to produce creative thoughts in computers of the
size we have today. In the kinds of structures I have dis-
cussed, size is probably very important if one may expect
to get much in the way of really creative thought. If any-
thing is to come of this kind of structuring, it will perhaps
come only when the computer's memory reaches some
"critical size" so that a chain reaction can set in.

Idle Curiosity

I have also tried to suggest that it might be of interest
to write programs which would be allowed to develop more
or less by themselves, or which would at least be allowed
a bit of time in which to "goof off." True, we might well
end up having computers give us outputs in which we were
not interested or which somehow seemed useless to us.
But perhaps allowing idle curiosity is a prerequisite for
useful creative work. Galvani's curiosity over the twitching
of frog's legs might have been looked at as idle, as might
Fleming's curiosity over the sterile spot on his mold-infected
culture which led to the discovery of penicillin, or Roent-
gen's curiosity over his spoiled film which led to his dis-
covery of X-rays.

One can insist that computers stick to the work that we
have set out for them, but there may be a penalty to be
paid here. I am reminded 5 of the story of Sir William
Crookes who invented the tube that fogged Roentgen's
film. Sir William had the same stroke of luck as Roentgen
did, for his experiments with Crookes' tubes also resulted
in the fogging of his film. However, Crookes was more
practical and serious-rninded than was Roentgen: this fog-
ging interfered with his work and his reaction was to fire
off a letter to his supplier complaining about the fogged
film that was interfering with the progress of physics! If
Roentgen had been programmed like Crookes, perhaps
X-rays (and nuclear physics) might never have been dis-
covered.

I would be less than honest if I did not confess that I
am not always sure that this would have been such a bad
thing.

5 An incident brought to my attention by Price's "Science Since
Babylon," Yale University Press, 1960.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

(Part 1)

A mathematician who is noted for starting
an experimental method (the Monte Carlo
method) for statistically examining complex
mathematical situations, reports on further
steps in using an electronic computer for
finding out and collecting remarkable situa-
tions, and checking conjectures about them.

Stanislaw M. Ulam

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Los Alamos, New Mexico

a marvelous
extension of the
use of symbols

The advent of large computers has created apprehension among
some mathematicians and scientists. It is feared that individual scien-
tific efforts will be pushed into the .background or replaced by less
imaginative, purely mechanical habits of research. Such fears seem
to me quite groundless. The computer can be looked upon as an exten-
sion of a very old and simple invention— a stylus or a pencil. Even the
most abstract thinkers agree that the simple act of writing down a few
symbols on a piece of paper helps enormously in the thinking process.
Concentrating on what is visually in front of one, rather than relying
exclusively on the patterns in the memory, seems to be very useful.
In this respect alone, and it is not a trivial one, the new electronic
machines provide a marvelous extension of the use of symbols in
science, increasing our effective memory. Furthermore, computer dis-
play devices enable one to visualize patterns, be they ever so abstract,
in a way which extends the range of the Gedanken Experimente that
have given rise to so many new ideas in mathematics and pure physics.
In presenting some aspects of the new art and outlining the possibilities
of novel experiments, my point of view is that of a customer, a user of
this new research tool, the electronic computer.

It is significant that some of the earliest ideas and inventions in
the field of automatic calculation were due to people with an extremely
abstract turn of mind. Pascal produced a calculator. Continuing
through Babbage in the nineteenth century and ending with the
mechanical relay devices of Vannevar Bush at M.I.T., one sees enor-
mous progress in the techniques attempting to realize a program of
Leibnitz. But it is essentially at the end of the Second World War,
when new developments in electronics made possible much faster and
more compact machines, that the new era may be said to have started.
Relatively large memories and the use of a general code increased
greatly the variety of problems which could be handled by the
machine. Von Neumann's contributions were especially important in
this respect. While the systems of wired connections remained fixed,

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

a diversity of codes for different problems on the same physical back-
ground enabled one to treat a wide range of mathematical schemas.

The technology of the machines themselves is still in rapid develop-
ment. During the last decade, the speed of the elementary operations
that the machine performs (simple logical orders, additions and multi-
plications of real numbers) has increased by a factor of about 100.
Modern computers can multiply two numbers, each of 40 binary digits
or so, in 1 microsecond or less. The size of fast-access memories has
also increased by a very large factor. The readily accessible memory
is of the order of 100,000 words; there is no essential limit to the size
of a memory with slow access.

Some of these characteristics will no doubt be further improved
during the next few years. Rapid progress in miniaturization techniques
hastens the trend toward smaller, more compact machines. Parallel to
this development is an improvement in the variety of new logical and
mathematical orders concerning Boolean and other operations. More
recently, auxiliary and ancillary equipment is becoming available
which permits a visible display of the results obtained by the com-
puters. At the same time, work is proceeding on easier methods of
insertions or changing the data going into the calculation or, indeed,
changing the course of the calculation itself, on the basis of the results
produced and displayed by the machine. This will bring about a more
intimate cooperation (if one may properly use the expression) between
scientists and programmers, on the one hand, and the machine, on the
other.

It is known that Gauss greatly favored .experimentation. When he
was asked how he managed to divine some of the remarkable regulari-
ties of numbers, he answered, "Durch planmassiges tattonieren,"
through systematic trying. This may well be considered a definition of
the pragmatic method in mathematical research. Its modern applica-
tion, using electronic computers, has already produced a vast body of
literature, from which one chooses for purposes of illustration not
necessarily the most important examples, but those which are familiar
and, perhaps, more personal.

As all mathematicians know, great mysteries remain in number
theory, despite the logical simplicity of the subject; there are very
simple questions, explainable to a ten-year-old, which are still un-
answered. Many of these concern properties of primes. It has proved
fruitful to examine the appearance of primes as written in the binary
system; this is a quick and simple process, using computers. One tries to
obtain by inspection some general rule regarding the distribution of 0's
and l's in the binary expression of a prime integer. The so-called
Fermat primes are of the form 2~ n -f- 1 ( Figure 1 ) . By means of a
computer, one easily develops a long list of such integers. It is seen
that Fermat primes can be described as prime integers whose expres-
sion in binary notation contains two l's, the rest of the digits being
0's. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many Fermat primes.

One could ask a seemingly simpler question: Are there infinitely
many primes in whose binary expression there is any fixed number,
k, of l's? Even this weaker conjecture seems very hard to prove. At
Los Alamos, we have used a computer in statistical studies of the
combinatorial properties of the distributions of the 0's and l's in primes.
One day, Dr. Mark Wells, who was working with me, said, "Of course,
one cannot expect the primes to have asymptotically the same number
of l's and 0's in their development, since the numbers divisible by 3
have an even number of l's." Taking this remark as representing some
very easily provable elementary fact, I returned to my office. But
then I found, after considerable effort, that I could not establish it.
In fact, the statement is not even true (Figure 2). The first integer

intimate
cooperation
between machine
and human being

Decimal
Notafion

Binary
Notation

101

10001

257

100000001

Figure 1. Fermat primes.

Decimal
Notation

Binary
Notation

110

1001

1100

10010

10101

Figure 2. Integers divisible by 3.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

quick examination
of abundant
special cases

divisible by 3 which has an odd number of l's in its binary expression
is 21.

Nevertheless, a great majority of the integers divisible by 3 seem to
have an even number of l's. Beginning with this observation, Wells
managed to prove a general theorem: among all the integers divisible
by 3, from 1 to 2", those which have an even number of l's always
predominate, and the difference between their number and the number
of those with an odd number of l's can be computed exactly and is of
the order of 3 1 " -11 '-. It is even more interesting that he developed
corresponding proofs for integers divisible by 5, 7, and some other
numbers, although these theorems become harder and harder to prove.
A paper describing this work will appear in a mathematical journal.
This provides a very nice, if modest, illustration of the claim that an
examination of special cases, yielded quickly and in abundance by a
computing machine, may stimulate a mathematician to conjecture, and
then perhaps to prove a general truth.

empirical work
followed by thought

Professor S. Chowla, a famous number theorist now at the University
of Colorado, mentioned to me recently his interest in the equation

«)+0-(:)

where /, m, and n are integers. For example,

G)+G)-G)

That was the only case of a solution in integers which he knew, and
he thought that this was the only one possible. As a result of the brief
discussion between us and a young student at the university, we
decided to investigate the problem on a computing machine. It turned
out that, even for moderate values of n (n < 100), there were many
other solutions. Inspection of the special nature of these gave Chowla
an approach to the proof that there are infinitely many such triplets.
He also proved there is only one solution, the one stated above, when I
and m are equal.

It seems to be true that mathematicians are not happy unless they
can prove that something exists but is hard to find, or else that there
are infinitely many members in a given set. But it is significant, as in
this case, that the infinity of solutions was suggested by the finite
process carried out on the machine. One may hope that not only
isolated curiosities, but hints about general facts, will be obtained
through empirical work followed by thought. D. H. Lehmer in Cali-
fornia has shown the great value of computing machines in number
theory research.

Other illustrations of the pragmatic method can be found in certain
topics of what can be called elementary algebra. It is perhaps not gen-
erally realized how little is known to mathematicians about transforma-
tions which are not linear. In a space of, say, three real variables, x,
y, and z, one can consider a transformation

x' = U(x,y,z)

V' = h{x,y,z)
z' = h(x,y,z)

where f\, f 2 , and / ;{ are not linear functions, but quadratic functions,
of these variables. Almost everything is known about the linear case,
but if quadratic or higher-order transformations are involved, some
of the simplest questions concerning the properties of such trans-
formations and the behavior of their iterations remain unanswered.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

J^JMj] reports on the field of applications programming.
Who trains computers for new jobs?

The program that a computer follows in doing its work is
a logical series of simplified directions. To develop these,
the programmer must thoroughly understand the problem
he wishes the computer to solve. IBM has studied its cus-
tomers' problems diligently and has worked out families
of applications to which general program systems may be
most efficiently applied.

In an unusual example of applications programming,
IBM assisted the U. S. Weather Bureau in programming
a system for global weather simulation on an IBM
STRETCH (7030). The computer program is based upon
a mathematical model formulated by the General Circu-
lation Research Laboratory at the Weather Bureau, for
research" on the problems of long-range forecasting. In
this massive system the basic processes of weather are
simulated for the entire globe in a more detailed and

fundamental manner than ever before. The simulated
weather is calculated for as many as 10,000 grid points at
each of nine atmospheric levels and for time intervals as
small as five minutes, so that over ten billion calculations
may be required to simulate the weather for a single day.
Even in the highly efficient STRETCH language, over
15,000 instructions were required for this versatile system,
which incorporates such varied factors as radiation, tur-
bulence, clouds, oceans, mountain ranges, and forests.

The breadth of applications being- studied by IBM is
demonstrated by these current projects: aerospace, air-
lines, banking, biomedicine, brokerages, public utilities,
railroads, steel industries, and warehousing. If you wish to
look into the opportunities open at IBM, an Equal Oppor-
tunity Employer, write to: Manager of Employment, IBM
Corp., Dept.539H # 590 Madison Ave., New York 22; N. Y.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

It is more than mere curiosity to inquire about these; there are indeed
practical reasons for studying nonlinear transformations and equations.
The laws of nature do not require that fundamental relationships in-
volve only linear operators. Despite the success of the well-established
(linear) quantum theory, there are now indications that in certain
basic aspects it is essentially nonlinear. Of course, in classical
theories, such as hydrodynamics, the equations are nonlinear from the
beginning. Hence it is useful to give a brief account of a systematic
investigation, performed with the aid of computers, of some elementary
mathematical problems concerning quadratic transformations in the
space of two, three, and four dimensions. 1

Let us imagine a population of n particles of, say, three different
types, which may be thought of as different colors. The number n
is very large. We assume that these objects collide or mate in pairs, at
random, and that each pair will produce a pair of offspring for the next
generation, the color of the offspring being uniquely determined by
the colors of the two parents, according to a fixed rule; i.e., the charac-
teristics of the offspring are a function of the characteristics of the
two parents. Many such rules are mathematically possible. We shall
not restrict ourselves to those that might make biological sense, but
consider the problem in its full generality. Suppose x, ij, and z denote
the proportions of the particles of each type in the original population.
Then x -\- y -f- z = 1. Given a rule of inheritance of the colors for the
next generation, the question is: How will the fractions change in the
course of time, that is to say, with the passage of generations?

The new compositions of the population could be, for example,

x' = if 4- z 2
if = 2xy -j- Ixz
z' = x' 2 -f- 2yz

This corresponds to the following scheme: Two y particles produce
a particle of the x type. So do two z particles. The collision of an x
particle and a y particle, or an x particle and a z particle, produces a y
particle. The mating of two x particles, or a y particle and a z particle,
yields a z particle. This is, of course, an arbitrary prescription. It turns
out that there are about 100 different such prescriptions, even con-
sidering as different only such which cannot be made to coincide by
permutations of the letters. One will assume that a rule, once chosen,
remains valid for subsequent generations and that fixing the rule,
one obtains the proportions of each color in the course of time by iter-
ating the initial transformation (that is to say, composing it with
itself). Mathematically the problem is in two variables only, since if
x -\- y -\- z = 1, it is also true that x' -\- if + z' = 1, and so on. One can
therefore consider the iterates of the transformation in two variables
only.

It turns out that, depending on the initial rule, a great variety of
cases arises. In some, starting with any initial distribution, i.e., with
any point in the plane, the iterates converge to a fixed point, which
indicates convergence of the population to a stationary distribution.
For other rules, however, one observes convergence, not to an interior
point, but to an oscillating system. Paul Stein and the writer have
examined a case in four variables and have obtained a periodic limiting
cycle of the order of 12. In some other cases, there is a convergence to
strange limiting curves.

(To be continued in the September issue)

population of
n particles
of different "colors"

i«

(Reprinted with permission from "The Age of Electronics" edited by Carl J. Overhage,
published by McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y., 1962)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

Computing and Data Processing Newsletter

TABLE OF CONTENTS

New Applications 25

Automation ....

. 37

New Contracts .

. 27

People of Note .

. 37

New Installations .

. 28

Standards News .

. 38

Organization News .

. 30

Meeting News

. 38

Computing Centers .

. 31

Business News .

. 39

Education News

. 32

Useful Publications .

. 40

New Products .

. 32

Monthly Computer Census

. 42

NEW APPLICATIONS

DOCTORS — CONTINENTS APART — CONSULT VIA COMPUTER

In a recent experiment, RELAY,
the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's communications
satellite, was used to transmit
encephalograms, 'brain waves',
from Bristol, England, to Minnea-
polis, Minnesota. Diagnosis in
Minneapolis was performed on-line
with the aid of a Computer of
Average Transients (CAT) — and
results were interpreted and sent
back to England via NASA'S RELAY
satellite, within one minute.

— The National Aeronautics
and Space Administration's
communications satellite, was
used to transmit electroen-
cephalograms, 'brain waves',
from Bristol, England, to
Minneapolis, Minnesota.

The demonstration was
carried out under the super-
vision of Dr. Reginald G.
Bickford of the Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minnesota. On the
telephone is Dr. Bickford;
center is Mr. Wayne Russert,
Electronic Technician, Mayo,
and Mr. Don Carroll, Elec-
tronics Supervisor Electroen-
cephalograohy Department, also
of Mayo.

For the purposes of the ex-
periment, Mrs. Charles Ray, the
wife of a doctor on the research
team, served as the "patient". At
the Burden Neurological Institute,
Bristol, Kngland, scalp electrodes
were affixed and evoked responses
to stimuli were obtained. The
electroencephalograms were trans-
mitted from the Institute in Eng-
land via land line to the British
transmission station at Goonhilly
to RELAY and back down to the re-
ceiving station at Nutley, N„J..,
and by land line to Minneapolis.
There the signal was fed into the
computer. The actual evoked re-
sponses received by the CAT were
masked in a background of dense
noise. The computer isolated the
encephalography patterns, through
an averaging process, and within
seconds presented very accurate
data that made immediate "diag-
nosis" possible. The "diagnosis"
was relayed back to England, again
via the RELAY satellite.

Dr. Reginald Bickford, Direct-
or of the Encephalography Labora-
tory of Mayo Clinic, who supervised
the research team, said that the
experiment opens up vast possibil-
ities in the field of medical con-
sultations heretofore completely
impossible. The test was con-
ducted in cooperation with NASA'S
Communications Systems, Office of
Applications.

(For more information, circle 20
on the Readers Service Card.)

HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Several departments at The
Childrens Hospital, Akron, Ohio,
will be linked to a central com-
puter next spring, in an extensive
hospital information system. The
system will speed the flow of
patient information to and from
key locations and relieve nurses
of many of their clerical duties.

Children's Hospital, in a
joint effort with IBM Corp., has
been studying the information
traffic at the hospital for more
than a year. One of the results
of the study was the validation
of earlier estimates that nurses
are spending about 40% of their
time on such clerical duties as
the handling of doctors' orders
for patients and keeping notes on
the condition of patients. With
the IBM 1710 control system
nurses will be able to spend more
time on direct patient care.

The system will be used ini-
tially to process doctors' orders
— written instructions concern-
ing medication, diets, laboratory
tests and x-ray examinations —
the four categories into which
most doctor's orders fell accord-
ing to the hospital information
analysis. The system also will
be able (as a by-product of direct
patient care activities) to take
essential information for stream-
lining accounting, budgeting and
hospital management techniques.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

— A computer console will
be the central point of a
hospital information system
at The Children's Hospital
of Akron. Shown at the con-
sole are Nursing Service
Supervisor Janet M. Holloway
and Hospital Administrator
Roger Sherman.

Up to five forms that nurses
originate now for. each doctor's
order, will be eliminated by the
new system. For example: if an
order is to administer medication,
an automatic entry will be made in
the patient's record which is
stored in the computer. This
identifies the patient, tells what
the doctor has ordered and indi-
cates the dosage and frequency of
administration. From this single
order, the pharmacists will fill
the order and return the medica-
tion to the nursing station.
Charges for the medication will
be sent to the computer automatic-
ally and billed to the patient's
account. A schedule will also be
produced automatically so that at
predetermined intervals the nurs-
ing station will be advised of the
medication to be given at a certain
time. After administration of the
drug, the nurse will confirm the
action through the terminal. If
no confirmation is received, an-
other notice will be sent out re-
minding the nurse that the medi-
cation has not been administered.

Communication devices, called
terminals, will be used to get in-
formation to and from the central
computer. Seven of these units
will be located at nursing sta-
tions where patient records are
maintained and where doctors'
orders originate. Additional units
will be installed in some service
departments such as the laboratory,
pharmacy and x-ray department and
in the business and accounting
offices.

(For more information, circle 21
on the Readers Service Card.)

READING FILM WITH A COMPUTER

A computer system has been
developed by Information Interna-
tional, Inc., Maynard, Mass.,
which can read data from 16 or
35 mm. film automatically and
print out the data on paper or re-
cord it on magnetic tape for fur-
ther computer processing and anal-
ysis. The film reading system is
based on three major elements: a
PDP-1 digital computer, together
with a visual display scope; a
film reading device; and computer
programs for using the computer
and film reader.

The process involves the
scanning of film by a rapidly mov-
ing light point on the visual dis-
play scope. The output of this
scanning operation is detected by
a photosensitive device in the
film reader and relayed to the
digital computer for further pro-
cessing and analysis.

outskirts of Albuquerque where it
is a part of the system dispatch
center. The large semi-circular
room with a wide illuminated power
system map and a compact console

The sys
any format o
appropriate
basic comput
eludes data
form of line
other simila
the basic da
the film, al
sired output

tern can read almost
f data on film, with
modifications to the
er program. This in-
represented in the
s, graphs, points, and
r forms of data. Once
ta is obtained from
most any type of de-
may be obtained.

The film reading system is
suitable for such applications as
analysis of data produced by os-
cillographs or other types of
graphic recorders; tracking and
analysis of objects for which
motion pictures are available
(e.g., missile tracking studies);
reading of astronomical or astro-
physical data recorded on film;
reading photographs of cloud cham-
bers, bubble chambers, and spark
chambers; and counting of particles
(such as blood cells or bacteria)
in. photographs.

(For more information, circle 22
on the Readers Service Card.)

FLUCTUATING ELECTRICAL DEMANDS
CONTROLLED BY DIGITAL COMPUTER

The Public Service Company of
New Mexico, whose power generators
meet the daily needs of some
109,000 electrical users from Las
Vegas, N.M., in the north, to Dem-
ing some 300 miles to the south,
has adopted an all-digital dis-
patch system. Power flowing from
two Albuquerque steam generation
plants is being controlled pre-
cisely by a digital computer.

An IBM 1710 control system is
installed at Person Station on the

is the operations hub for the
Public Service Company. Compon-
ents of the control system include:
an IBM 1712 terminal unit, which
brings electrical load and fre-
quency data into the dispatch
center; an IBM 1711 data convert-
er, which translates this informa-
tion into computer language; and
a transistorized IBM 1620 com-
puter, which takes these messages,
processes them, and prepares in-
structions for the turbines gov-
erning the systems.

The computer also displays
information on a system dispatch-
er's console in lighted numbers
that can be read from a distance.
From this console, the dispatcher
observes and oversees the auto-
matic regulation of two turbine
generators nearby as well as three
other units located 18 miles away
at Reeves Station. A microwave
link makes instantaneous control
possible.

The primary job of the 1710
digital dispatch system is to in-
sure that enough electricity flows
at a constant frequency of 60
cycles per second to meet the
demands of homes and businesses
as well as the demands of neigh-
boring utilities who buy and sell
energy to one another.

Every ten seconds the com-
puter takes the information re-
layed from various measuring
points on the transmission system
and performs a new load-frequency
calculation. Within a split
second, after each calculation is
made, the proper response is re-
layed to the turbine. The adjust-
ment of electrical generation
follows two seconds later.

Once a minute the computer
turns its attention to the econom-
ic dispatch problem and decides
how the generation should be al-
located among the five generators
to produce the required power at
the lowest cost. The load is al-
located to the various generators

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

by taking into account such essen-
tials as fuel costs, turbine ef-
ficiencies and transmission line
losses, all of which are stored
in its memory.

Once each hour an electric
typewriter, controlled by the com-
puter, automatically produces a
complete log showing such things
as system load, generation, trans-
mission line losses, and other im-
portant information. Formerly,
the dispatcher had to calculate
this information by hand — this
took 10 or 15 minutes per hour;
the computer does it in 20 seconds
or less while still performing all
of its other jobs.
(For more information, circle 23
on the Readers Service Card. )

NEW CONTRACTS

NCR TO LEASE NEARLY 200
MODEL 390's TO AIR FORCE

National Cash Register Co.,
Dayton, Ohio, has been awarded a
contract for the lease and main-
tenance of up to 175 of its Model
390 data processing computer sys-
tems at Air Force bases. The
equipment will be used to process
payrolls (see story in 'Automation')
for more than 800,000 military
personnel, and will be installed
in about 105 Air Force bases in
the U.S. and about 25 overseas.
Some bases will have more than
one system. It was not possible
to set a figure on the amount of
the contract immediately; esti-
mates are that an annual expendi-
ture of about $4J£ million will be
involved.

(For more information, circle 30
on the Readers Service Card.)

SDS TO STUDY MEDICAL AND
BUSINESS INFORMATION NEEDS FOR
PUERTO RICAN MEDICAL CENTER

An $83,000 contract has been
awarded to the System Development
Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., to
study the total medical and busi-
ness information needs of a new
$63-million medical center in
Puerto Rico. Under terms of the
six-month study contract, SDS will
perform a study of system opera-
tional requirements at the large
centralized medical facility of
the Corporacion de Servicio del
Centro Medico de Puerto Rico. The
results of the study will provide

the center with the necessary re-
quirements for the design and in-
stallation of an appropriate in-
formation-handling system.

The medical center, located
in San Juan, is scheduled to go
into full-scale operation in Jan-
uary 1965. It will be an inte-
grated complex of hospitals and
medical services, under a single
managership and board of directors.
(For more information, circle 31
on the Readers Service Card.)

MESSAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM
TO BE BUILT BY BURROUGHS

A new Automatic Message Pro-
cessing System (called AMPS) will
be built by Burroughs Corporation,
Detroit, Mich., and installed at
Fort Ritchie, Md. , under a $2J£
million Army contract. AMPS will
provide classified and reliable
communications and will handle in-
tegrated electronic administration
for the Joint Communications Agency
at Fort Ritchie. The system has
been designated AN/FYC-1 by the
Army. It will use a newly-devel-
oped Burroughs D825 modular com-
puter and auxiliary units.
(For more information, circle 32
on the Readers Service Card.)

TRW COMPUTER DIVISION
AWARDED $23.5 MILLION
CONTRACT FOR ARMY COMMAND
& CONTROL PROGRAM

A $23.5 million contract for
research and development of
tactical automatic data processing
systems for use in the Field Army
has been awarded to the Computer
Division of Thompson Ramo Wool-
dridge Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
The work will be performed at Fort
Huachuca, Ariz, over a five-year
period. This is part of the Army
Materiel Command's project, Com-
mand Control Information Systems
for the 1970 Field Army (CCIS-70).
CCIS-70 is designed to provide
Field Army of the future with
greater flexibility, accuracy and
decision-making speed. TRW will
serve as technical assistant to
the Army in the development of
five subsystems: fire support;
intelligence; operations; logis-
tics; and personnel and adminis-
tration.

(For more information, circle 33
on the Readers Service Card.)

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
CONTRACTS FOR ANALOG COMPUTER

Comcor, Inc., a subsidiary of
Astrodata, Inc., Denver, Colo.,
has announced a $51,100 contract
with Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah, for a CI-170SS analog
computer system and the new CI-308
+100 volt DC operational ampli-
fiers. Delivery for the system is
scheduled for September.
(For more information, circle 34
on the Readers Service Card.)

SPACE MEMORY SYSTEM CONTRACT

AWARDED TO

ELECTRONIC MEMORIES, INC.

A contract, in excess of
$100,000, has been awarded to
Electronic Memories, Inc., Los
Angeles, Calif., for the develop-
ment and delivery of an airborne
severe-environment memory system.
The random access memory is being
built to MIL-E-5400 specifications
and will deliver 1024 26-bit words,
with a 4 microsecond read/write
cycle. The contract was awarded
by Sperry Utah Division, Sperry
Rand Corporation, Salt Lake
City, Utah.

(For more information, circle 35
on the Readers Service Card.)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

TO USE AUERBACH PROGRAMMED-

INSTRUCTION COURSE

ON REQUIRED COBOL- 1961

The Department of Defense has
purchased the rights to reproduce
and distribute, for use throughout
the government, the programmed-
teaching course developed by the
Auerbach Corporation, Philadelphia,
Pa., on Required C0B0L-1961, the
Common Business Oriented Language
used for computer programming.
Under the terms of the agreement,
the government will receive the
complete four-volume, 3900-frame
instructional text plus a student
manual, which contains course il-
lustrations, a comprehensive
glossary of COBOL and data-pro-
cessing terms, and a complete
handbook of Required C0B0L-1961
specifications.

(For more information, circle 36
on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTRACT FOR DISCFILE SYSTEM

Data Products Corp., Culver
City, Calif., has received a con-
tract from System Development Corp.,
Santa Monica, Calif., for a
DISCflLE system. The system con-
sists of a high density DISCflLE

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

with associated logic and a con-
troller that will interface di-
rectly to the IBM Q-32 computer.
System Development Corporation will
use the system in the development
of special programming techniques.
(For more information, circle 37
on the Readers Service Card.)

HRA AWARDED CONTRACT FOR
SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM

Hamilton Research Associates,
Inc., New Hartford, N.Y., has been
awarded a contract to develop a
self-instructional system in
PERT/Cos t for Air Force managers.
The contract was let by the Air
Force Systems Command, Electronics
Div., Laurence G. Hanscom Field,
Bedford, Mass. HRA will supply
copies of the program to the Air
Force but will retain civilian
publication rights.
(For more information, circle 38
on the Readers Service Card.)

SEA/AIR NAVIGATION
STUDY CONTRACT AWARDED

The Univac Division of the
Sperry Rand Corp. has begun a
world-wide sea/air navigation
study sponsored by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion. The initial objective of
the study is to determine computer
requirements for a system that will
automatically provide navigation
information to merchant shipping,
aircraft, and central monitoring
sites. Ultimately the system could
include most types of surface ships
and aircraft.

Plans for the total system
involve the use of large-scale,
shore-based computers for collect-
ing and processing navigation in-
formation, and earth satellites
for ship-computer communication.
The six-month program will be
conducted at the UNIVAC Engineer-
ing Center, Blue Bell, Pa.
(For more information, circle 39
on the Readers Service Card. )

$1.5 MILLION FOLLOW-ON
CONTRACT FROM HONEYWELL

General Precision, Inc.,
Glendale, Calif., has been awarded
a $1.5 million supplementing con-
tract from Honeywell to produce
additional guidance computers for
NASA's Centaur spacecraft. The
contract calls for production of
six flight computers, a "test-
bed" computer for use in manu-
facuring checkout, and spare-
parts.

The contract was in the amount of

$196,700.

(For more information, circle 41

on the Readers Service Card.)

— Centaur computer checkout.
A technician checks circuit
card of computer for NASA's
Centaur spacecraft. The
computer is designed to aid
in the guidance of the Cen-
taur spacecraft on a series
of planned orbital, lunar,
and interplanetary flights.

Work will be performed by the
Librascope Division of General
Precision's Information Systems
Group. Librascope' s digital com-
puter is designed as a part of the
Centaur inertial guidance system,
developed and manufactured by
Honeywell's Aeronautical Division
at St. Petersburg, Fla.
(For more information, circle 40
on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPANY RECEIVES
THREE CONTRACTS

Data Display, Inc., St. Paul,
Minn., recently has been awarded
three contracts.

NASA Langley Research Center,
Hampton, Va. , has awarded a con-
tract for $229,897 to the company
for equipment to be supplied con-
sisting of a high-speed-computer
microfilm plotter and printer to
be used to record the output data
from a variety of digital com-
puters and data sources.

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston, Texas, has awarded a
$596,183 contract for the delivery
of two digital display systems,
the dd5l/m2 and the dd74G. Both
units will be used for dynamic on-
line display of pre-launch data on
manned spacecraft at Cape Canav-
eral, Fla.

The third contract was award-
ed the company by the U.S. Air
Force Missile Test Center, Patrick
Air Force Base, Fla., for the de-
velopment of a system to display
dynamic trajectory and impact pre-
diction information to the Range
Safety Officer at Cape Canaveral.

NEW INSTALLATIONS

MICROFILM RECORDER &
DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR
UNIV. OF CALIF.

Data Display, Inc., St. Paul,
Minn., has delivered its first
model dd80 high speed microfilm
recorder and display system to
the University of California,
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.
(Two additional dd80 systems are
under construction.) The dd80
records computer derived data at
110,000 characters per second onto
35 mm film. The system presently
operates on-line to an IBM 7090
computer.

(For more information, circle 42
on the Readers Service Card.)

IBM 7094 INSTALLED AT AVCO

An IBM 7094 electronic data
processing system has been in-
stalled at Avco Research and Ad-
vanced Development Division head-
quarters in Wilmington, Mass.
The computer will be used for much
of the research and mathematical
calculations involved in advanced
atmospheric re-entry studies and
re-entry vehicle development for
the Apollo spacecraft project.
More than 100 programs already
have been written for the computer
dealing chiefly with these prob-
lems. The heat shield is regarded
as the most critical component on
the Apollo vehicle, which will re-
enter the earth's atmosphere at a
speed of approximately 25,000
miles per hour.

Other tasks the computer will
be used for are: design of ad-
vanced re-entry vehicles for the
Minute Man ICBM; design of en-
gines for propelling space
vehicles; development of rocket
nozzles for very large space
boosters; and studies of entry
into both planetary and earth
atmospheres in conjunction with
the Mars and Venus missions.
(For more information, circle 43
on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

DEFENSE MEDICAL SUPPLY CENTER
INSTALLS $1 MILLION
COMPUTER SYSTEM

A million dollar computer
system to centralize military
medical supply requisitions has
been installed at the Brooklyn
headquarters of the Defense Medi-
cal Supply Center. The new sys-
tem, an IBM 1410/1301 random ac-
cess data processing system, is
part of a nationwide centralized
stock system, which began opera-
tions in July, at all nine commod-
ity supply centers of the Defense
Supply Agency (DSA). All DSA sup-
ply centers now will have a single
set of stock records and will di-
rect shipments from storage depots
to various Service installations.
Medical supply requisitions now
will be processed by the Brooklyn
headquarters computer.

The single system will re-
place nine different procedures
used formerly by the DSA centers.
Six former methods for reporting
errors in shipments will be re-
duced to one. The system uses
the Military Standard Requisition
and Issue Procedure instituted
July 1, 1962 throughout the
Department of Defense.
(For more information, circle 44
on the Readers Service Card.)

GENERAL DYNAMICS/ELECTRONICS
EQUIPMENT TO WORK
WITH "STRETCH"

General Dynamics/Electronics,
San Diego, Calif., has announced
the sale of a high speed elec-
tronic printer subsystem for use
with the IBM 7030 "STRETCH". The
equipment was sold to the MITRE
Corp., Bedford, Mass., to be used
in its work in support of the Air
Force Electronics Systems Divi-
sion (EDS).

Inititally seven S-C High-
Speed Electronic Printers will be
supplied. In addition, General
Dynamics is providing the control
group electronics, which functions
as a complex switching network
between the printers and the
computer.

(For more information, circle 45
on the Readers Service Card.)

UNIVERSITY INSTALLS IBM 7074

The University of Rochester,
Rochester, N.Y., has installed a
new IBM 7074 computer system to
replace the IBM 7070 computer in-
stalled less than two years ago.

The new system has computing
speeds two to ten times greater
than those of the older model.
It will be used in conjunction
with IBM 1401 and 1620 computers
for scientific calculations.
(For more information, circle 46
on the Readers Service Card.)

TRW CONTROL COMPUTER SYSTEM
FOR KAWASAKI ETHYLENE PLANT

Nippon Petrochemicals Com-
pany, Ltd., will install a Thomp-
son Ramo Wooldridge TRW-330 con-
trol computer system at its ethy-
lene plant in Kawasaki, Japan.
The fundamental objective of the
system is to operate the entire
plant for maximum profit. Among
the more important operations to
be controlled and the areas in
which primary benefits are ex-
pected to result, are: individual
furnace operation, parallel furnace
operation, decoking operation, re-
covery section, compressor sec-
tion, and fuel and utilities
section.

(For more information, circle 47
on the Readers Service Card.)

APPLIANCE PLANT TO INSTALL
BURROUGHS B260 COMPUTER
SYSTEM

American Motors' Kelvinator
plant, Grand Rapids, Mich., will
install a Burroughs B260 Computer
System later this year. The B260
will replace a complex of existing
tabulating equipment now in use.
The electronic computer will pro-
vide the plant's management with
more complete and timely reports
on parts requirements, quantities
and deadlines to meet production
forecasts. The Kelvinator plant
produces all of the company's
major home appliances.
(For more information, circle 48
on the Readers Service Card.)

NCAR TO INSTALL
CONTROL DATA 3600

The National Center for Atmos-
pheric Research (NCAR), Boulder,
Colo., will install a CONTROL
DATA 3600 digital computer in
November of this year. The com-
puter will be used to solve urgent
problems, central to NCAR's goal
of understanding basic processes
of weather and other atmospheric
phenomena. The NCAR was estab-
lished three years ago to carry
out basic research in atmospheric
sciences and to stimulate a more
vigorous national effort in the

field. It is managed by a non-
profit corporation of U.S. univer-
sities, and sponsored by the
National Science Foundation.
(For more information, circle 49
on the Readers Service Card.

ANALOG SYSTEM INSTALLED AT
TENNESSEE EASTMAN PLANT

A 5800 DYSTAC computer has
been installed by Computer Systems,
Inc., Fort Washington, Pa., at the
Tennessee Eastman Company plant,
Kingsport, Tennessee. Its prime
application will be for solutions
to problems in chemical kinetics.
(For more information, circle 50
on the Readers Service Card.)

UNIVAC 1107 TO BE USED FOR
TRAFFIC CONTROL IN TORONTO

A Univac Thin-Film Memory
Computing System has been deliv-
ered to the Metropolitan Toronto
City Hall, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada. It is the heart of an ad-
vanced system of traffic control
which is expected to reduce con-
gestion and speed up the flow of
vehicles by more than 20 per cent.

Two thousand automatic de-
tectors, measuring density and di-
rection of traffic flow along
major arteries, simultaneously feed
fast-changing information into the
central computer. The 1107 evalu-
ates the interrelationship of the
data and the effects of corrective
signal control, and, within frac-
tions of a second, gives directions
to a thousand traffic lights
throughout the city. A smaller
specially built real-time Univac
418 computer controls the input
from and the output to the traffic
signals.

In addition to providing for
all normal demands of traffic con-
trol, the new computing system will
instantaneously provide for emer-
gency conditions (fire, collision,
etc.), rerouting traffic around
the troubled area, until the cause
of the trouble is eliminated.
(For more information, circle 51
on the Readers Service Card.

COMPUTING CENTER ORDERS
AS 1-2 10 COMPUTER

Electronic Calculating Serv-
ice, Inc. (ECS), Los Angeles,
Calif., has ordered an ASI-210 high-
speed general-purpose digital com-
puter from Advanced Scientific In-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

struments Division of Electro-
Mechanical Research, Inc., Sara-
sota, Fla. The computer system,
valued at $135,000, marks the
first installation of an ASI-210
computer on the West Coast and
also is the first ASI-210 to be
used wholly for a computer service
center operation. It will be used
primarily by ECS in handling spe-
cial purpose civil engineering
programs.

(For more information, circle 52
on the Readers Service Card.)

at Adaptronics for the U.S. Army
using digital computer simulation
of advanced systems. Other uses
will include computer studies of
learning machines and analyses of
the foundations of machine intel-
ligence. The digital computer
system was ordered under a special
government priority and was deliv-
ered within 30 days after receipt
of order.

(For more information, circle 55
on the Readers Service Card.)

DIGITAL FORMS SUBSIDIARY
IN OTTAWA, CANADA

Digital Equipment Corp. ,
Maynard, Mass., has established a
Canadian subsidiary in Ottawa,
Ontario, Digital Equipment of
Canada, Ltd. The new subsidiary
will handle sales and service of
Digital's line of computers, cir-
cuit modules, and memory test sys-
tems in the Canadian provinces.
(For more information, circle 62
on the Readers Service Card.)

CDC SUPPLIES COMPUTERS
FOR MULTI-SATELLITE
TRACKING NETWORK

A total of nineteen Control
Data 160-A computers, along with
associated auxiliary equipment,
have been delivered by Control
Data Corporation, Minneapolis,
Minn., for the U.S. Air'Force
Satellite Control Facility. The
systems have been placed in the
USAF' s Space Systems' s Division
Satellite Control Center, Sunny-
vale, Calif., as well as at remote
tracking sites around the globe.
The Control Data 160-A digital
computers will replace present
control systems now in use for
positioning and pointing radar and
telemetry antennas. The yearly
lease cost of the computer systems
involved in the project is in ex-
cess of $5.3 million.
(For more information, circle 53
on the Readers Service Card.)

WASHINGTON POST TO INSTALL
RCA 301

The Washington Post will in-
stall an RCA 301 computer system
for the automatic justification
and hyphenation of newspaper copy
and classified advertising. The
system will include tape punch de-
vices and five high-speed line-
casting machines operated by
printers. It is expected to be in
operation by early Fall.
(For more information, circle 54
on the Readers Service Card.)

ASI COMPUTER FOR ARMY RESEARCH

The Advanced Scientific In-
struments Division of Electro-
Mechanical Research, Inc., Sara-
sota, Fla., has delivered an
ASI 210 general-purpose digital
computer system to Adaptronics,
Inc., Minneapolis, Minn. The sys-
tem will be used primarily in con-
nection with a research and de-
velopment project being conducted

SBC CONVERTS TO IBM 7094

The Service Bureau Corporation
has converted the IBM 7090 at its
New York Data Processing Center to
an IBM 7094. The conversion speeds
up processing time by 20 to 30 per
cent and increases the computer's
overall capacity. It is available
on a 24-hour basis.
(For more information, circle 56
on the Readers Service Card.)

ORGANIZATION NEWS

BURROUGHS OPENS TWO
NEW COMPUTER CENTERS

Burroughs Corporation has
opened two new electronic computer
centers, one at its ElectroData
Division plant in Pasadena, Calif.,
and a second at its marketing
headquarters, Los Angeles, Calif.

The center at Pasadena in-
cludes $3 million worth of data
processing equipment. Computers
include the B5000, two B200 series
systems and a 220. The Los Angeles
marketing facility houses two com-
puter systems, a B200 and 205.
(For more information, circle 60
on the Readers Service Card.)

GKI HAS NEW DIVISION

General Kinetics Inc., Arling-
ton, Va. , has created a "Magnetic
Tape Services Division" to make
available, to industry and Govern-
ment, complete commercial services
for evaluation and rehabilitation
of magnetic tape. GKI's first
rehabilitation center for instru-
mentation magnetic tape is now op-
erating at a Government installa-
tion in Florida. Production is at
a rate over a million feet of
magnetic tape per week.
(For more information, circle 61
on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTROL DATA ESTABLISHES
AUSTRALIAN COMPANY

Control Data Corporation,
Minneapolis, Minn., has announced
the formation of a new company, to
be called CONDATA Australia Pty.
Limited, as a result of the recent
acquisition by Control Data of the
Computer Division of E. L. Heyman-
son & Co. , Pty. Ltd. , of Melbourne,
Australia. E. L. Heymanson & Co.
is a manufacturer's Representative
operating in Australia and New
Zealand, the Computer Division of
which has been representing Con-
trol Data Corporation there for
approximately one year.

Control Data has assumed com-
plete responsibility for orders ac-
cepted by E. L. Heymanson on their
behalf, as well as training support
requirements and maintenance com-
mitments. It has also assumed
responsibility for current pro-
posals submitted to prospective
purchasers by E. L. Heymanson for
Control Data services and equip-
ment. The nucleus of this opera-
tion is the former staff of the
Computer Division of E. L.
Heymanson & Co.

(For more information, circle 63
on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTROL DATA ACQUIRES

RIGHTS TO

ITEK DIGIGRAPHIC SYSTEM

Control Data Corp. , Minneap-
olis, Minn., has acquired rights to
Itek's Digigraphic System and cer-
tain of the assets relating to de-
velopment and manufacture of these
systems, for an undisclosed amount
of cash and other considerations.
Control Data has assumed respons-
ibility for completing existing
orders for Digigraphic components.

The Digigraphic System, de-
veloped over the past 2^ years by
Itek Corporation, Lexington, Mass.,
is a method for direct "real-time"
communication between man and com-
puter. Further development and

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, .1963

Newsletter

production of the principal digit-
al electronics elements of the
system will now be carried on by
Control Data. Itek will retain
responsibility for development
and production of key non-digital
components, including precision
cathode-ray tubes. The complete
system will be marketed by Control
Data.

As a part of the basic agree-
ment, Control Data has agreed to
supply Itek with Digital Display
equipment for use in Itek's Graph-
ic Data Handling Systems.

The Digigraphic operation
will continue at the Itek location
pending the acquisition of Control
Data facilities near Boston's
Route 128.

(For more information, circle 64
on the Readers Service Card.)

FORD TRANSFERRING AERONUTRONIC
DIVISION TO PHILCO CORP.

Aeronutronic Division of Ford
Motor Company is being transferred
to Philco Corporation, a wholly
owned subsidiary of Ford. The
transfer will strengthen both
Aeronutronic and Philco, permit-
ting better coordination of Ford's
space and defense activity. Aero-
nutronic, Ford's space research
unit, (which is located at New-
port Beach, Calif.) has built some
small military rockets and been
involved in moon research projects.
Philco makes communication equip-
ment, missile guidance and control
gear and other military-electron-
ics items.

(For more information, circle 65
on the Readers Service Card.)

CLARY CORP. EXPANDS OVERSEAS

The Clary Corporation is ex-
panding sales and service of its
Computer Division into European
markets. The English firm of
Digital Measurements Ltd. will
represent the Clary DE-60 "Little
Giant" electronic computer and
arithmetic center, in the United
Kingdom and Sweden. Digital Meas-
urements Ltd. of Mytchett, Hamp-
shire, will not only represent the
Clary DE-60 but will also incor-
porate the computer into the de-
sign of new systems.
(For more information, circle 66
on the Readers Service Card.)

NEW COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
AND CONSULTING FIRM

Programmatics , Inc., Los
Angeles, Calif, has been formed.
The corporation, with David E.
Ferguson (President), David A.
Nelson (Vice-President), and
Hayden T. Richards, provides serv-
ices in computer programming and
consulting.

(For more information, circle 67
on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTING CENTERS

GE OPENS SIXTH & SEVENTH IPCs

General Electric Company has
opened its sixth Information Pro-
cessing Center in New York City
and the seventh in Cleveland, Ohio.
The new centers are part of Gener-
al Electric 1 s planned nation-wide
network. The previously estab-
lished centers are located in
Phoenix, Ariz.; Dallas, Texas;
Washington D.C.; Schenectady,
N.Y.; and Chicago, 111.

The New York Information Pro-
cessing Center has a GE-225 com-
puter system. The system will be
used to aid customers in such pro-
jects as scheduling construction
jobs, school classroom scheduling,
traffic flow studies, inventory
and production control in retail-
ing and manufacturing, and for
scientific and technical investi-
gations.

(For more information, circle 68
on the Readers Service Card.)

BOEING ANALOG
COMPUTER FACILITY

A $3 million analog computer
facility is now in operation at
The Boeing Company in Seattle,
Wash.. It will be used for engi-
neering design and development
studies in areas such as guidance
and flight control, structural dy-
namics, and other physical systems.

The installation contains
four EASE (Electronic Analog Sim-
ulation Equipment) computers (manu-
factured by the Berkeley Division
of Beckman Instrument Co.), two
1100 Series computers and two 2100
Series. The facility includes
about 1200 operational amplifiers,
600 multipliers, 300 function
generators and 74 resoLvers. It
is equipped with the latest auto-

— Boeing personnel operate
a section of the company's
new analog computer facil-
ity. The computers can be
used separately or be in-
terconnected to form a large
computing complex.

matic digital input-output systems,
allowing complete tape-controlled
setup and check-out. Large oscil-
loscope displays, in addition to
the latest in conventional record-
ers and plotters, are provided for
use during repetitive computer
operation. Appropriate digital
sub-systems are planned for use
in "hybrid" (combined analog-
digital) computation in addition
to certain units already in use.
(For more information, circle 69
on the Readers Service Card.)

RCA CONSTRUCTING

NEW SCIENTIFIC

DATA PROCESSING CENTER

The Radio Corporation of
America is building a new scien-
tific data processing center at
the company's David Sarnoff -Re-
search Center, Princeton, N.J.
The center will include the RCA
601 computer, the largest and
fastest computer built by the com-
pany. Support for the 601 system
will be provided by the smaller
RCA 301, together with associated
punched card equipment, magnetic
tape stations, and an on-line
printer for use in translating and
recording research data passing in
and out of the 601. The complex
also will include a FORTRAN pro-
cessor (FORmula TRANslator) which
will automatically convert normal
mathematical language used by
scientists into machine language.

The center will be used for
research in lasers, plasma physics,
solid-state theory, character rec-
ognition devices, advanced computer
memories and computer programming.

It will also be a supplement
for two other RCA 601 customers
— the New Jersey Bell Telephone
Company and the Now Jersey Public

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

Service Gas and Electric Company.
(For more information, circle 70
on the Readers Service Card.)

CONSUMER/AUDIENCE
PROFILE SERVICE

SDRS-Data Inc., of New York
recently demonstrated a new comput-
erized service called Consumer/
Audience Profile Service (C/AP).
The service combines research data
on the buying habits of media
audiences with published media
rates to provide advertising agen-
cies with analyses of consumer
audiences, rather than total audi-
ences. It describes the audience
characteristics of some 200 diff-
erent media vehicles in terms of
the actual users and purchasers of
any of, 50 different product cate-
gories.

The firm also unveiled the ad-
vertising industry's first data
communications system, which links
a computer to a nation-wide tele-
type network. This permits agen-
cies anywhere in the U.S. to obtain
immediate media, market research
and other information from Data,
Inc. The heart of the system is
a Honeywell 400 computer and a
specially-designed communications
unit developed by Honeywell Elec-
tronic Data Processing, Wellesley
Hills, Mass.

One demonstration showed C/AP
data from the New York market area
in six product categories, com-
bined in a four-step process with
rate data from four local media
(New York Times, New York News,
NBC-TV, and CBS-TV). Within five
minutes, the Honeywell 400 analyzed
the data and produced a two-media
combination representing the best
"media mix" for each of six prod-
ucts. This was based on the lowest
cost to reach the largest undupli-
cated audience of prospective buy-
ers of each product. (Product
categories shown were dog food,
cigarettes, cleansers, facial tis-
sues, wines and automatic washers.)

In anoth
New York ad a
Newell, trans
data over the
rectly to the
exchange, fro
tion of trans
two minutes,
used was West
network.

er demonstration, a
gency, Lennen and
mitted a request for
teletype network, di-
computer. The entire
m call-up to comple-
mission took less than

The teletype system
ern Union's Telex

Data, Inc. has already begun
to transfer the 15 Standard Rate
and Data media and market direct-
ories to magnetic tape for computer
processing. Eventually every major

market area in the nation, as well
as the entire U.S. market, will be
included in the C/AP surveys.
(For more information, circle 71
on the Readers Service Card.)

EDUCATION NEWS

COAST-TO-COAST NETWORK
OF TEACHING MACHINES

Nine hundred desk-top size
teaching machines are located in
89 cities throughout the U.S.A.,
and all are connected to a central
electronic computer in Denver,
Colo., by high speed telephone
lines. This coast to coast network,
called the Instamatic System, was
built by The Teleregister Corp.,
Stamford, Conn., for the United
Air Lines, to give its agents all
over the country accurate control
of passenger space. It easily
handled the reservations function
and had capacity left over. This
is being devoted to teaching
United' s agents how to use the
system to better advantage.

— Push-button lessons:
United Air Lines passenger
agent selects button on the
Teleregister Instamatic agent
set, which has been set up as
an instructive unit. Answers
are recorded on cards as agent
operates machine and refers to
programmed lesson (at left).
Complete program is stored in
Instamatic "memory drum" at
United' s Reservations Center
in Denver.

United Air Lines currently
has three training programs oper-
ating on Instamatic machines. Its
agents learn how to use the system
to give customers quicker service

on flight information, fare compu-
tation, and air travel card use.
Each training program involves
three prerequisites: a printed
text; the Instamatic agent set;
and a written program of multiple-
choice questions, which have been
coded and introduced to the com-
puter's memory. A small cardboard
mask placed over the keyboard of
the agent set, automatically keys
it for the learning and/or testing
operation. A special code plate,
instead of the reservation flight
plate, is inserted into the agent
set. Otherwise, the teaching
function uses Instamatic' s regular
communications network and its
Telefile computers in Denver. The
system permits each agent to
"study" during slack periods,
without loss of time on the job.
(For more information, circle 72
on the Readers Service Card.)

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

FRIDEN 6010 ELECTRONIC COMPUTER

The Friden 6010 Electronic
Computer System is the first con-
tribution of Friden, Inc., San
Leandro, Calif., to the electronic
computing field. The new computer
is a solid-state, desk-sized unit,
weighing less than 400 pounds.
The 6010 provides for 240 decimal
digits of storage capacity organ-
ized into 15 registers or words
of 16 diqits each. Programming
is accomplished by wiring of pro-
gram panels. Each panel can be
wired for one or more programs.

Five main components make up
the Friden 6010 digital computer:
input-output unit, control unit,
arithmetic unit, storage and logic
units. With the exception of the
input-output unit, all sections

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

are contained in the central pro-
cessor which performs all comput-
ing and logical operations. Addi-
tion and subtraction are accom-
plished in 1.3 milliseconds and
multiplication in 50 milliseconds,
input-output speeds are 10 charac-
ters per second. The machine can
he programmed for square root and
division.

The 6010 can be plugged into
any standard wall outlet and re-
quires no air conditioning.
(For more information, circle 77
on the Readers Service Card.)

SDS 9300 — DIGITAL COMPUTER

Scientific Data Systems,
Santa Monica, Calif., have intro-
duced a high speed, general purpose
digital computer, designated Model
SDS 9300. It is intended for gen-
eral purpose scientific computation
and special purpose systems inte-
gration.

The SDS 9300 can execute typ-
ical floating point programs, us-
ing a 48-bit word, at rates in ex-
cess of 100,000 instructions per
second. It adds in 1.75 micro-
seconds and multiplies in 7 micro-
seconds, including indexing.

— Console and cabinet for the
new SDS 9300. The device is
relatively small and is trans-
portable. It requires no air-
conditioning.

The SDS 9300 may have up to 8
automatic data channels, each op-
erating in excess of 2 million
24-bit words per second. Eight
magnetic tape units can operate
concurrently, all at 96 kc, with-
out disturbing the arithmetic
computations, which can take place
simultaneously. The basic core
memory is expandable to 32,768
words, all addressable. Each
word contains 24 binary bits, plus
one parity bit. In addition to 8
automatic data channels, three
other types of I/O are available,

one of which permits up to 1024
channels of priority interrupt;
another allows data transfer of up
to 2,285,000 characters per second.

All SDS 920 peripheral equip-
ment will operate with the 9300.
A complete software package is sup-
plied for each level of communica-
tion between user and computer, in-
cluding Fortran II, and Symbolic
Assembler.

(For more information, circle 73
on the Readers Service Card.)

DSI 1000 COMPUTER

Data Systems, Inc., Grosse
Pointe Woods, Mich., has developed
a real-time, general-purpose digit-
al computer, called DSI 1000. It
is priced to sell starting at less
than $10,000. The DSI 1000 is a
binary, single address, stored pro-
gram computer. The memory cycle
time is 1.6 microseconds. There
are 2048 12-bit words with an aver-
age random access time of 100
microseconds .

The DSI 1000 may serve as a
separate unit or as an integral
part of a computer system. The
unit is adaptable to other data
processing equipment, communica-
tions equipment, and standard
input-output devices; it accepts
1, 3, 6, 8 or 12-bit bytes, serial
or parallel input or output.
(For more information, circle 74
on the Readers Service Card.)

PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR-5

Digital Equipment Corp.,
Maynard, Mass. , has developed a
new PDP-5 computer. It can be
used as an independent information-
handling system or as the control
element in larger systems. It is
a single-address, fixed-word,
stored-program computer operating
on 12-bit, 2's complement binary
numbers. Memory cycle time is
6 microseconds. Fully parallel
processing provides a computation
rate of 55,555 additions per
second. The PDP-5 is available
with 1024 or 4096 words of random
access, magnetic core memory.

The standard PDP-5 is con-
tained in a single bay. It con-
sists of an internal processor,
operator console, and memory. Ad-
ditional bays may be added to
accommodate future expansion. A
Teletype (Model 33ASR) combination
reader-punch and typewriter is
supplied as standard equipment.
It allows paper tape to be read or
punched, or information to be

typed in or out, at a rate of 10
characters per second.
(For more information, circle 75
on the Readers Service Card.)

GE PROCESS AUTOMATION
COMPUTER

A small, highly flexible pro-
cess computer has been developed
by General Electric Co., Phoenix,
Ariz. The new computer, desig-
nated GEPAC 4000, has been designed
to meet industry needs in those
areas where process computers have
so far not been applied by manage-
ment because of their size, in-
flexibility, or expense. (GEPAC
stands for General Electric Pro-
cess Automation Computer.)

The computer is small and
compact. All the hardware for a
typical system — except printers
and similar peripherals — is
housed in one cabinet. This in-
cludes the central processor with
8000-word memory, scanner, and
related input/output equipment for
100 points. The GEPAC 4000 uses
binary, fixed-point arithmetic,
with 24-bit word size. Core
storage is directly addressable;
access time is 1.5 microseconds,
with a memory read-write cycle of
5 microseconds.

The compu
primarily for
functions in c
steel, paper,
utilities. Ye
also capable o
mental data pr
design gives a
in the central
input/output e
specific appli
semiconductors
onmental tempe
out air condit
131 degrees Fa
puter operates

ter was designed
on-line process
hemical, petroleum,
cement and electric
t the computer is
f off-line, funda-
ocessing. Modular
variety of options
processor and in
quipment to meet
cations. Silicon

give it an envir-
rature range, with-
ioning, from 32 to
hrenheit. The corn-
on 110 volts AC.

The GEPAC 4000 computer is
completely compatible with General
Electric' s GEMAC sensors and
instruments and new Directo-
MaiicQPlI control. This permits
inclusion of the computer in a
process system, without the ex-
pense of "interface" or "matchup"
equipment. A full library of
software is also available.
(For more information, circle 76
on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

Analog

MARK III ANALOG COMPUTER

Computer Products Inc. , Bel-
mar, N.J., has introduced an all
new "Mark III" analog computer.
The Mark III has all necessary
computing elements for a full com-
puter system within a single con-
sole. This includes 200 opera-
tional amplifiers, 180 pots and
60 multiplier products. Printed

Under the agreement between
the two companies, EAI will market
the new computer.
(For more information, circle 79
on the Readers Service Card.)

circuits are used for all plug-in
components; digital packaging
techniques are used. The patch-
board layout allows maximum use of
bottle plugs to minimize patch-
board clutter.

The Mark III has real time,
iterative, and hybrid applications.
It includes three-mode all-solid-
state amplifier switching and
solid-state serial-entry-address
system.

(For more information, circle 78
on the Readers Service Card.)

Digital-Analog

CO-OPERATIVE EFFORT DEVELOPS
COMPLETE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER

Electronic Associates, Inc.
and Computer Control Company, Inc.,
have cooperated on the development
of a new computer, known as the
HYDAC 2400.

The HYDAC 2400 is a complete
scientific computer that combines
a general-purpose analog and
general-purpose digital computer
into a single integrated system.
The HYDAC 2400 system includes,
as components, a general-purpose
analog computer, a general-purpose
digital computer, and a Digital
Operation System for interface
and control. The analog and
digital computers can be used
separately from the combination
called HYDAC 2400.

Data Transmitters
and A/C Converters

AIRBORNE LORAN-C RECEIVER

Engineers at Sperry Gyroscope
Company, Great Neck, N.Y., are de-
veloping a half-cubic-foot airborne
Loran-C radio navigation receiver
that contains more than 25,000
components invisible to the eye.
The 19-pound receiver — called
AN/ARN-76 — is expected to pro-
vide position fixes accurate to
within a few hundred feet almost
anywhere over the Northern Hemi-
sphere. The development is sup-
ported by the U.S. Navy Bureau of
Weapons.

The receiver is said to be the
first application of microcircuitry
to the original design of a com-
plete electronic sub-system.
Ninety-five per cen^ of its cir-
cuits are being made of tiny sili-
con semiconductor wafers. The
wafers will be mounted in banks of
100 or more on post-card-size,
plug-in units; each will contain
up to 40 "invisible components"
created within the wafer itself
by varying the purity and molecu-
lar structure of the silicon.

— Match-head-size silicon
semiconductor wafer is one
of more than 800 microcir-
cuits in Loran-C radio navi-
gation receiver.

Operation of the ARN-76 has
been so simplified that operator
training will take only 15 minutes.
The number of controls has been
reduced from 29 to 5. The receiver
will be the cockpit link between a
pilot and ground-based Loran-C
transmitters.

Existing Loran-C receivers
can spot their position to within
approximately 1000 feet at a range
of some 1000 nautical miles from
the nearest transmitters — they
have an extreme range of only
1500 miles. The ARN-76 is ex-
pected to plot position within
600 feet at a range of 1000 miles
from the nearest transmitters and
have an extreme range of 2500
miles.

(For more information, circle 80
on the Readers Service Card.)

DATANET-30 & DATANET-600

Two new products, combining
high-speed communications with
electronic data processing, have
been announced by General Electric
Company, Computer Department,
Phoenix, Ariz. The Datanet-30 is
a solid-state binary digital pro-
cessor that handles both messages
and data. Information is trans-
mitted over two or four-wire
voice or Teletype-quality lines
at selected speeds, ranging from
60 to 3000 words per minute. The
Datanet-600 automatically sends,
receives and moni tors binary dig-
ital data through five, six,
seven, or eight-level perforated
tape code over two-wire, voice
quality phone circuits at 500
words per minute. It has an auto-
matic error-checking and correct-
ing device to insure accurate
transmission. Both of the new
products are compatible with
General Electric 1 s computers and
with each other.

(For more information, circle 81
on the Readers Service Card.)

AUDIO COMPUTER INQUIRY SYSTEM

Honeywell EDP, Wellesley
Hills, Mass., has demonstrated a
low-cost data communications sys-
tem which uses a small, manually-
operated keyboard to send informa-
tion over commercial telephone
lines to a "talking" computer.
The computer is designed to handle
a variety of inquiry information
from remote locations, and pro-
cesses the information, transmitting
the answer through a telephone re-
ceiver in an audible, voice form.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

The major components of the
system include a 16-key, 5-inch by
5-inch keyboard and a Honeywell
computer. The computer is modi-
fied to include a multi-channel
audio tape on which is recorded
the digits from to 9 and a num-
ber of control statements. By de-
pressing a series of three control
and numerical digit keys, an oper-
ator can call any of 28 different
inquiry routines programmed for
the computer. After calling a
specific routine, the operator
then keys the inquiry information
directly into the computer. At
the end of the transmission, an
"end" key is depressed which acti-
vates the computer's audio genera-
tion mechanism, causing the correct
answer to be "spoken" into the re-
mote handset. A typical inventory
inquiry takes less than 40 seconds
from call-up to completion.

The audio system in the com-
puter consists of a multi-track
magnetic tape loop which is
scanned by a "reading head". Each
track on the tape loop contains an
audio reproduction of a single
digit or control word.

Among the potential uses of
the system are credit checking
services, banking inquiry systems,
automatic telephone number updat-
ing, and inventory control
functions.

(For more information, circle 82
on the Readers Service Card.)

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
NETWORK CONTROL SYSTEM

Tlie new IBM 7740 communica-
tion control system, operating
alone or linked to a computer, can
automatically control the flow of
message traffic through a network
of sending and receiving units
scattered across a city or around
the globe. Operating as an inde-
pendent system, the 7740 can con-
trol data transmission and the
routing of messages. When linked
to a data processing system, it
permits instantaneous computer
processing of information received
from remote points.

The 77'iO's operation is com-
pletely automatic. Control is
maintained by a program stored in
its magnetic core storage. Manual
handling of messages or tapes at a
communications center is elimin-
ated. As many as 1000 or more av-
erage-length messages a minute can
be edited, logged and transmitted
to their destination.
(For more information, circle 83
on the Readers Service Card.)

Software

TAB CONVERSION
SPEEDED BY TABSIM

A simulation program to speed
the conversion of tabulating equip-
ment tasks to computer processing
has been developed for the Honey-
well 400 and 1400 computers by
Honeywell Electronic Data Process-
ing of Wellesley Hills, Mass.

The program, called TABSIM,
simulates the functions of conven-
tional tabulating equipment. It
is now available to H-400 users.
TABSIM accepts parameters which
specify the format of the data
cards received as input and the
structure of the report to be pro-
duced as output. TABSIM is a
"load-and-go" type package, which
permits automatic program assembly
and data processing by the comput-
er without manual intervention.
The program accepts FARGO language.
(For more information, circle 84
on the Readers Service Card.)

IBM DESIGNS PROGRAM TO HELP
DEFENSE INDUSTRY CUT COSTS

IBM Corp. has announced a
PERT COST computer program to help
control complex defense industry
projects. It is designed to con-
trol cost, time, and manpower
factors, in projects ranging from
construction of a nuclear submarine
to production of a new jet airplane
or space system.

PERT COST is an advanced cri-
tical path technique and an out-
growth of the PERT (Program Evalu-
ation and Review Technique) system
developed by the Navy's Special
Projects Office in 1958. While
PERT is based primarily on time
factors, the PERT COST technique
also considers the effects of cost
and manpower.

The new program may be used
by management on an IBM 7090, 7094
or 7094 II computer. There are
67,000 specific instructions to
the computer. The IBM PERT COST
program can be used effectively
for almost any project where suc-
cessful completion depends on num-
erous interrelated activities in
the areas of research, engineering
supply, manufacturing and distri-
bution. It is available to users
without charge from IBM branch
offices. The PERT COST program
incorporates the design character-
istics specified by the Department
of Defense and the National Aero-

nautics and Space Administration
in establishing a guide to a uni-
form PERT COST program.
(For more information, circle 85
on the Readers Service Card.)

Input-Output

GE-200 BANK TRANSIT SYSTEM

A new bank transit computer
system, known as the GE-200 Bank
Transit System, has been developed
by General Electric Company, Com-
puter Department, Phoenix, Ariz.
It can automatically read, sort
and list more than 140,000 checks
per hour, some 100 times faster
than manually-operated proof ma-
chines. The system has been de-
signed to handle the mounting
volume of MICR-encoded checks
clearing through commercial and
Federal Reserve banks.

A basic GE-200 bank transit
system consists of a central pro-
cessor with 4096-word memory, in-
cluding a console typewriter; a
2000-line-per-minute multiple-
tape lister made up of six lists
of 24 printing positions each; a
G-E 1200 per minute document
handler; and 400-per-minute
punched card reader. All of the
devices can operate concurrently.

The system is able to handle
data simultaneously from two 1200-
per-minute document handlers, thus
doubling the speed of data-process-
ing -to 2400 checks per' minute. Up
to four 6-tape listers may be con-
nected to the central processor
to prepare 24 lists. The modular
concept of the system permits as-
sembly of various equipment con-
figurations to meet individual
requirements.

(For more information, circle 86
on the Readers Service Card.)

DREXAMATIC CARD READER

A new device which accepts
programming from a punched IBM
card, completely wired with inte-
gral leads to each of its 960
switches, has been developed by
Drexel Dynamics Corp. , Horsham, Pa.
Each of the 960 switches contains
two potted leads for a total of
1920 wire leads eminating from
the instrument. The wire leads
can be terminated either in indi-
vidual pin connectors or in vari-
ous types of potted connectors,
dependent upon the card reader's

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

function. Identification or keying
of leads is accomplished both by
color coding and by providing
different combinations of lengths.

V v (V ■ \ ^

i)Y'$\ ^>\V\v/.

This static memory device,
the Drexamatic Model 2224 Card
Reader, uses standard IBM cards
to program any static memory in
automated process batching opera-
tions, and in the automated pro-
duction testing of electrical com-
ponents and systems. The program
can be varied by inserting differ-
ent IBM cards in the reader unit.
The memory status is independent
of power failure or of severe en-
vironmental conditions.
(For more information, circle 88
on the Readers Service Card.)

LOW-COST CARD READER

A new, low-cost card reader,
which provides punched card com-
patibility for less expensive
computer systems, has been devel-
oped by Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich. The new solid-state reader,
Burroughs BC122, has serial (col-
umn by column) reading. It is
capable of transmitting either
binary or alphanumeric informa-
tion to any computer system.

An internally generated strobe
pulse samples each column, main-
taining precision read timing and
accuracy. Photoelectric sensing
provides improved reliability and
ease of maintenance. Demand or
free flow rate of 200 cards per
minute is maintained by an immedi-
ate access clutch. The first col-
umn is read within 85 milliseconds
of initial demand. Hopper capacity
is 500 cards each.
(For more information, circle 90
on the Readers Service Card.)

Components

BIQUINARY NUMERICAL
INDICATOR TUBE

A biquinary
or tube, designa
ZM1032, has been
perex Electronic
L.I., N.Y. It i
readout applicat
voltmeters, cash
lating machines,
computers. With
tube, only 7 tra
needed in the dr
stead of the usu

numerical indicat-

ted the type
developed by Am-
Corp. , Hicksville,

s designed for

ions in digital
registers, calcu-
counters, and
this biquinary

nsistors are

iver circuitry in-

al 10.

The construction of this bi-
quinary tube differs from ordinary
decade indicator tubes. It has two
separate anodes and is divided in-
ternally into two vertical com-
partments by a shield electrode.
The rear compartment contains one
anode and the figures 0-2-4-6-8.
The front compartment contains the
other anode and the figures 1-3-5-
7-9. The figures are connected
electrically in pairs: to 1,
2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 7 and 8 to 9.
Externally the tube is a standard
9-pin miniature glass type requir-
ing a standard low-cost socket.

visible at the same spot for
"in-line" readout.
(For more information, circle 91
on the Readers Service Card.)

ALPHA-NUMERIC NIXIE® TUBE

A cathode tube, which can
display all the letters of the
alphabet and the numerals 0-9 as
well as special symbols in a
single tube, has been developed by
Burroughs Corporation, Electronic
Components Div. , Plainfield, N.J.
The new Alpha-Numeric NIXIE®
Tube, Type B-5971, has 13 cathode
segments and a common anode,
mounted within a rectangular
shaped glass envelope.

The figures (bright neon red)
are 6/10 inch high and are placed
one behind the other, becoming

— The Alpha-Numeric NIXIE®
Tube, left, has its glass en-
velope removed to show the 13
cathode segments that form
either letters, numerals or
special symbols when
illuminated.

Characters are formed by grounding
the appropriate cathode segments
with respect to the anode. They
appear as a bright, "continuous
line" red neon glow. A brightness
of 200 foot lamberts allows the
7/10 inch high characters to be
read under high ambient light
conditions at a distance of 25
feet. The new NIXIE Tube can be
operated from low cost germanium
or silicon transistors in cir-
cuits which can provide electrical
memory for the readout.

A wide range of applications
for the new NIXIE Tube includes
military tactical situation dis-
plays, stock quotation displays,
and airline arrival and departure
boards.

(For more information, circle 92
on the Readers Service Card.)

BULK TAPE ERASER

A heavy-duty professional
bulk tape eraser, offered by Am-
plifier Corp. of America, New
York, N.Y. , erases tapes on the
reel with a once-around revolution
of the reel. The Magneraser Senior

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

is designed for use with audio,
computer, telemeter, and machine-
control tapes; and with 8, 16,
and 35 mm sound stripes. It erases
the most severely overloaded tapes,
lowering background noise levels
3 to 6 dB less than some new
(unused) tapes. The single spindle

position accommodates 3, 5, 7, and
10% inch reels without spindle
shifting. It erases % and V 2 inch
wide tapes as well as 16 and 35 mm
magnetic sound film tracks. The
Magneraser Senior has an automatic
On-Off Rocker Switch which cannot
be left on accidentally.
(For more information, circle 93
on the Readers Service Card.)

AUTOMATION

DIGITAL COMPUTER CONTROL
SYSTEM FOR A FOOD
PROCESSING FIRM

A computer cont
that has been more t
in planning, will be
the new $22 million
built by the Kitchen
Deerfield, 111. The
freezes its baked go
ovens. The computer
tern will simultaneou
the production proce
complex multiple ope
an automated warehou

rol system
han two years

installed in
bakery being
s of Sara Lee,

organization
ods fresh from

control sys-
sly direct
sses and the
rations of
se.

tern,

Honey

will

610 d

ins tn

execu

wareh

secoti

varia

proce

per s

Lent.h

sec on

1 a Li

The heart of
designed and
well Special
be the solid-
igital comput
llation, the
Le approximat
ouse instruct
ds, monitor s
bles and scan
ss sensors at
econd to an a
of one per c
ds the comput
and update it

the control sys-
developed by the
Systems division,
state Honeywell
er. In this
computer will
ely 180,000
ions every three
ome 300 process
inputs from
a rate of 200
ccuracy of one-
ent. Every 15
er will calcu-
s memory as to

the exact position of every con-
veyor and pallet in transit. At
the same time, it will issue system
control commands that are to be
executed in the next 15-second
interval.

The computer system will be
under control of a master program
that will permit concurrent opera-
tion of more than 100 individual
programs. In effect, the master
control program will act as a
"traffic cop" by making extensive
use of priority interrupts. The
Honeywell 610 has up to 896
interrupts, in multiples of 16,
making it unnecessary for the com-
puter to search programs or scan
external events in order to de-
termine what it should do.

From a central control room
in the huge plant the computer sys-
tem will provide strict control
of product quality and uniformity
by:

1) monitoring the bulk storage
status and use of liquid and dry
ingredients ;

2) monitoring and controlling
batch blending and mixing opera-
tions using formulations stored
in the computer's memory;

3) computing and continuously
monitoring Llie seL points of time
cycles, oven /one Lemperalures ,
speeds of oven conveyors, and
other process equipment to insure
uniform baking;

4) monitoring product change-
overs ;

5) directing the random storage
of palleted products in a holding
freezer;

6) directing their retrieval for
shipment on a first-in-first-out
basis ;

7) directing the assembly in an
auxiliary freezer of mixed product
pallets.

In addition, the computer sys-
tem will serve as a data collec-
tion center for management by pro-
viding, on magnetic and perforated
tapes and on log sheets, up-to-the-
minute engineering and accounting
information.

(For more information, circle 94
on the Readers Service Card.)

WORLD-WIDE AUTOMATION OF
AIR FORCE MILITARY PAYROLL

The U.S. Air Force has dis-
closed plans to process electron-
ically the payroll for over
800,000 military personnel by in-
stalling computers at every major
Air Force Base throughout the
world. The huge computer network
will use from 160 to 174 NCR 390
data processing systems, manufac-

tured by the National Cash Regis-
ter Company, Dayton, Ohio. The
computers will be installed at
approximately 105 bases in the
United States and 25 bases over-
seas. The new program appears to
be the first time that any branch
of the armed services has auto-
mated the handling of individual
pay records on a global, service-
wide basis.

The new system is based on
the NCR 390' s ability to process
data electronically and still re-
tain individual "hard-copy" mili-
tary pay reccrds. Each pay record
lists name, service number, pay
rate, deductions, and all other
pertinent information on the face
of the form. The back of the
same pay record has magnetic
"memory" strips which electronic-
ally store the data shown on the
face of the form and also provide
instructions to the computer.
When the airman's pay record is
placed in the computer, the stored
information is automatically read
and the computer calculates the
net pay from over 50 possible
entitlements and deductions and
prints out a pay list. At the
same time it punches all data
needed for writing the paycheck,
into n strip of paper tape which
subsequently directs the computer
Lo print all paychecks in one
continuous operation. When an
airman is transferred to another
base his pay record will be for-
warded for automatic processing
by the computer at his new base.

The increased speed and im-
proved control provided by the new
payroll system are expected to
save the Air Force hundreds of
thousands of dollars.
(For more information, circle 95
on the Readers Service Card.)

PEOPLE OF NOTE

COMPUTER "WOMAN OF
DISTINCTION"

Nancy Lee Tafel is one of a
handful of women managers in what
up to now has been a man's world
— the computer industry. She
heads a team of eight specialists
determining new uses for computers
at General Electric 1 s Computer
Department, Phoenix, Ariz. She
is the only woman manager among
150 executives.

Nancy Tafel joined the Gen-
eral Electric Company in its Major
Applicance Division, Louisville,

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

in 1951 initially as a secretary;
then as specialist in file analy-
sis; and soon thereafter as comput-
er programmer. In 1957 she moved
to Phoenix as business-applications
specialist for the Company's Com-
puter Department.

When she was appointed mana-
ger, she had already played a
major role in developing program-
ming packages for the first all-
transistorized electronic data-
processing system in banking —
Bank of America's Electronic
Recording Method of Accounting —
better known in banking circles
as ERMA.

— Nancy Tafel discusses cur-
rent developments in General
Electric Computer Department
"software" programs with
some members of her group.

JOHN D. MADDEN JOINS IBM
DATA SYSTEMS DIVISION

IBM'
capa
Tech

John D. Madden has joined
s Data Systems Division in the
city of Manager, Programming
nology. Mr. Madden was form-
erly director
I of information
(processing and
associate di-
rector of re-
£^*3P^S|H search for Sys-
■H V tem Development
W. it Corp. In his
iiA PHPV new post, Mr.
^^ Madden will
play a major
role in the
planning and
development of
programming systems incorporated
in IBM's large data processing
systems.

Mr. Madden is chairman-elect
of the American Federation of
Information Processing Societies
(AFIPS) and a member of the Na-
tional Council of the Association
for Computing Machinery (ACM). He
was chairman of the Los Angeles
chapter of ACM from 1958 to 1960.

HONEYWELL EDP NAMES
BLOCH A VICE PRESIDENT

Richard M. Bloch has been
named a vice president of Honeywell
Data Processing. He will continue
to specialize in marketing develop-
ment activities in his new position
for the division. Mr. Bloch is the
originator of
Honeywell EDP' s
Orthoscanning
optical scanning
system; Ortho-
tronic Control,
an error detec-
tion-correction
system; and
other special
data processing
systems. He
holds several key patents in the
data processing industry. Mr.
Bloch is a member of numerous
professional societies and has
authored many technical papers on
the data processing industry.

STANDARDS NEWS

ISO RECOMMENDS
CONTINUED WORK BY
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE GROUPS

The International Standards
Organization Committee on Program-
ming Languages for Computers and
Information Processing (ISO/TC
97/SC5) reviewed the work of the
American Standards Association
working groups on FORTRAN (X3.4.3)
and COBOL (X3.4.4) at their recent
meeting in Berlin, and recommended
that the American groups continue
their work and present proposals
on FORTRAN, COBOL and COBOL test
programs at the next ISO meeting
in May 1964 in New York City.

The Subcommittee decided to
continue their survey of current
programming languages so that in-
formation on the extent to which
they are actually in use and their
fields of application will always
be readily available to committee
members. Information more than
two years old will normally be
deleted.

The group also decided to es-
tablish a procedure that can be
used to evaluate a new language
candidate for standardization.

ALGOL 60, which was previously
presented to the Subcommittee by
the International Federation for
Information Processing was consid-
ered as the first candidate lan-

guage, and the Committee asked
IFIP to make proposals by January,
1963 relating to an ALGOL subset,
Input-Ouput facilities to the full
ALGOL, and media code representa-
tions of ALGOL symbols for punched
cards and 5 to 8 channel punched
tape.

Delegations to the conference
came from France, Germany, Italy,
the Netherlands, Sweden, United
Kingdom, and the U.S.A. Denmark
sent an observer, and representa-
tives of the European Computer
Manufacturers Association and
IFIP were also participants.

MEETING NEWS

IDP CONFERENCE REVIEW

The 1963 International Data
Processing Conference drew more
than 8000 people to Detroit's
Cobo Hall, June 25-28, to see a
business exposition, featuring
equipment and services of nearly
100 firms. It was the largest
exposition in the 12-year history
of the conference, sponsored by
the Data Processing Management
Association (DPMA).

Some 2100 data processing
executives attended seminar dis-
cussions conducted by computer
experts from major equipment manu-
facturers, educational institutions
and government agencies. The
seminars covered three subject
areas: data processing manage-
ment, computer management, and
punched card management.

Foreign delegates included
a ten-man party sent to the U.S.
by the Nippon Office Management
Association, Tokyo, to study new-
est management procedures and
equipment developed in this
country. Data processing tech-
niques used by Japan's larger
corporations are comparable to
those used in this country, ac-
cording to Yoshino Mayuke, leader
of the study team and manager of
the EDP department, Nomura Secur-
ities Co., Ltd., but smaller com-
panies in Japan lag far behind in
EDP techniques, he added. Mayuke
and his companions are members of
the Tokyo chapter of the DPMA.

Another foreign visitor to
the convention was Wilhelm E.
Ludwig of Stuttgart, West Germany,
president of Unimatronic, Kg.
Ludwig, who represents American
electronic manufacturers in West

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

Newsletter

Germany, said data processing man-
agement, equipment and techniques
in Germany, and in Western Europe
generally, are comparable to those
used in this country. "There is
a difference in the way we hold
conventions, however," he said.
"We have broad industrial shows
such as the Hanover Fair where
several thousand companies from all
sectors of industry may display
their goods. Conventions such as
DPMA, which confine themselves to
a particular field, allow for
greater depth of investigation
and are more fruitful for their
specialized audience."

The similarity among the ad-
vanced industrial countries in
their use of data processing man-
agement techniques was noted by
Ray R. Eppert, president of the
Burroughs Corp., in his keynote
speech. "Cultural differences be-
come blended... In an individual
corporation, this means that tra-
ditional lines between domestic
and international operations must
be blurred. All company execu-
tives — not just those in an
international division — must
become world market oriented."

At the DPMA convention, Robert
S. Gilmore of Information, Inc.,
Torrance, Calif., was elected in r
ternational president of the asso-
ciation for 1963-64, succeeding
Elmer F. Judge of Cessna Aircraft
Co., Wichita, Kansas. The new
executive vice president is John
K. Swearingen of General Electric
Co., Louisville, Ky. , and the
secretary-treasurer is Dell L.
Haggard of Peoria, 111.

Several million dollars worth
of electronic equipment from vir-
tually every major computer firm
was demonstrated during the four-
day show.

Highlights included:

• The Burroughs Corporation medi-
um-scale B280 computer system
equipped with two high-speed
printers processing four jobs at
once.

• A new desk-size computer, the
6010, shown for the first time in
the United States by Friden, Inc.

• International Business Machines'
1440 system with disc storage and
the company's 6400 ledger process-
ing equipment.

• The 1004 punched card process-
ing machine shown by the Univac
division of Sperry Rand Corporation.

• NCR's Card Random Access Memory
(CRAM) which features replaceable
packets for use with the firm's
315 data processing system.

• The General Electric 225 com-
puter featuring interrogation of

the computer by teletype on an in-
ventory control application.

• A "voice answering" device with
Honeywell 400 computer, a new de-
velopment from this company.

• And an RCA general purpose 301
computer on production scheduling,
inventory control, and subscription
fulfillment.

ACM-NCA BANKING SYMPOSIUM

National Computer Analysts,
Inc. , of Princeton, N.J. was host
to a recent Banking Automation
Symposium in Princeton, N.J. Over
175 people .representing banks and
savings institutions, manufacturers
and service organizations, and the
federal government attended the
meeting. The theme of the sessions
was set by Mr. John J. Sheehan,
Vice President of NCA, who said
in his keynote address, "the com-
puter in banking is evolving to
a role as an income producer as
well as an expense reducer."

"Creative new services such
as, checkless cashless payrolls,
budget financing, and mass payment
collections are currently under
development." He went on to say
that such services "enable the
bank to develop markets heretofore
inaccessible because of the lack
of adequate technology."

Mr. William R. Cosby, Presi-
dent, Princeton Bank and Trust Com-
pany, remarked that the "banking
industry must be aware of new
markets and new services" and em-
phasized the necessity of "team
work in approaching managemeat
problems." He further stated that
Comptroller of the Currency, James
J. Saxon, was performing a- distinct
service to banking by his critical
appraisals of current bank regu-
lations.

In a following paper, Mr. Roy
M. Freed, Esq., of the Philadelphia
law firm of Blank, Rudenko, Klaus,
and Rome, highlighted neglected
areas in the legal implications of
banks acquiring, using, and sell-
ing data processing services. Mr.
Freed said, "that authorized out-
side processors are subject to the
same examination and regulation by
the government, as the bank is for
which it does processing." This
alleviates the fears of some banks
to have their work performed by
outside service bureaus.

In other papers presented at
the Symposium, Dr. James B. Eckert,
Chief, Banking Section, Division
of Research and Statistics, Federal
Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. ,
emphasized the importance of proper

account classification in the de-
signing of automated systems for
banks; Mr. George J. Leibowitz,
Director, Systems Development Di-
vision, Internal Refenue Service,
Washington, D.C, outlined the
impact of new IRS reporting re-
quirements as concerns interest
paid on deposits; and Mr. Jack
P. Besse, Assistant Cashier, Data
Processing and Planning, Federal
Reserve Bank of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, highlighted the
various aspects of off-site pro-
cessing as seen from a bank ex-
aminer's viewpoint.

BUSINESS NEWS

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY MAKERS
EXPECT GAINS IN 3RD QUARTER

A study just completed by the
Industry Studies Department of
Dun & Bradstreet reports the 1963
third quarter outlook, as seen by
electrical machinery manufacturers,
is optimistic as compared with the
third quarter of 1962. Of execu-
tives interviewed in the survey,
64"o expect a sales gain. This is
1% above the expectations for all
manufacturers. Only 36% feel
sales will continue at present
levels.

To handle this upswing in
business, 23% of the electrical
manufacturers expect to add em-
ployees. This contrasts markedly
with all manufacturers of whom
only ,15% expect an increase in
the number of employees and 4% ex-
pect a decline.

Of 1538 manufacturers, whole-
salers and retailers questioned,
manufacturers were the most opti-
mistic. But, surprisingly, the
optimism expressed is below the
level for the same period in 1962.
Businessmen apparently are not
impressed with the present growth
rate and are doubtful whether it
will continue at the level record-
ed so far in 1963.

The ability of the electrical
machinery manufacturers to trans-
late sales increases into increased
profits appears in doubt. Only
43% expressed expectations of gains
in net profits for the third
quarter while 54% felt there would
be no change. This is substantial-
ly below the expectations of all
manufacturers.

Contributing to this uncer-
tain profit situation is the indi-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

:v)

Newsletter

cation that only 9% of electrical
machinery executives expect an
increase in selling prices. This
contrasts sharply with the hopes
of 14% of all manufacturers for
price increases. Of the electri-
cal machinery manufacturers 29%
expect a gain in inventory levels
while only 4% foresee a decline.
Manufacturers collectively expect
a much lower rate of inventory
accumulation.

Businessmen generally indi-
cate that new orders may dip
slightly in the third quarter of
1963 as compared to the same
period in 1962. But electrical
machinery manufacturers appear
more confident about new orders
than do all manufacturers.

Electrical machinery manufac-
turers expect profit increases
in the third quarter and have
stressed new product development
and improvement to obtain sales
gains, says Dun & Bradstreet's
Industry Studies Department. Im-
proved advertising techniques
and expansion of sales plans are
to be used to accelerate sales
efforts.

DIGITRONICS REVENUES
INCREASE 130%

An increase of 130% in gross
revenues is reported by Digitronics
Corporation, manufacturer of
electronic data processing and
transmission equipment for the
fiscal year ended March 31. Sales
of equipment doubled, while rent-
als of its Dial-o-verter high-
speed transmission systems quad-
rupled to bring total revenues to
$4,187,000, as compared with
$1,818,000 in the previous year.

Earnings before taxes equalled
$451,000, showing an increase of
nearly 85% over the $244,000 re-
ported a year earlier.

Deliveries in the last quarter
of the fiscal year were several
times larger than in any quarter
in the company's history. The
total backlog at May 31st was
$3,126,000, compared to $2,900,000
reported a year earlier.

The Dial-o-verter System,
created by Digitronics, transmits
data at high speeds over regular
telephone lines. Dial-o-verter
terminals currently are operating
in 175 installations in 60 cities
throughout the country. Trans-
Atlantic service, inaugurated last
September between New York and
London for Socony Mobil Oil Co.

is being extended to France and
the Common Market with transmission

Gross Revenues
Gross Profit
Earnings Before Taxes
Net Earnings
Per Share

for The New York Times and Time,
Inc., over the cables of the French
Cable Co.

Year Ended
3/31/63

$4,187,075

1,609,924

451,285

222,285

43.7*

Year Ended
3/31/62

$1,818,428

800,924

244,839

141,839

31.2*

LFE RECORDS LOSS

A net loss of $340,000 after
a federal income tax credit of
$329,000 for the fiscal year ended
April 26, 1963, is reported by
Laboratory For Electronics, Inc.
Consolidated gross income amounted
to $60,901,000. These figures
compare with a net income of
$102,000, after federal income
taxes, on gross income of
$61,483,000 for the previous year.

According to Henry W. Harding,
LFE president, "The loss was
caused principally by the opera-
tions of the Tracerlab and Keleket
Divisions. Reorganization of
management and facilities, im-
provement of existing products, and
development of new products result-
ed in heavy costs and operating
losses, especially during the last
half of the year."

Commenting on the operating
results of other LFE divisions,
Mr. Harding said, "Sales of East-
ern Industries and Automatic
Signal Divisions were more than
20 per cent over the preceding
year and were accompanied by a
substantial improvement in earn-
ings.

"Gross income of the Elec-
tronics Division declined somewhat
during the year, reflecting the
phasing out of the F-105 Doppler
navigation program. However, prof-
it margins improved as a result
of substantial reductions in over-
head expenses, so that the effect
of the reduced volume was
minimized."

USEFUL PUBLICATIONS

NEW PERT CHART AVAILABLE

A new aid to PERT network con-
struction is available. It is the
PERT TIMER, a newly designed align-
ment chart which shows the proba-
bilistic times required for PERT
networks, including the varia-
bility of time estimates and the
probabilities for completing on
schedule. The one page chart is
available without charge.
(For more information, circle 96
on the Readers Service Card.)

FOR SALE

Used. Computer Tape -
Computron #D-153-5-24L
Heavy Duty Mylar, 1. 5 Mil,
200 per inch, 2400' reels
with case. 100 to 460 reels
available. Complete reel
history. Inquiries invited.

Write Purchasing Dept. ,
P. O. Box 2819, Dallas
21, Texas.

Circle No. 7 on Readers Service Card

Circle No. 8 on Readers Service Card fr

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

M0KL1MS'

WHAT

MAKES

THESE

TAPE

READERS

ITT

BEST

Bui

Mechanical simplicity . . . which yields a degree of reliability unattainable
by any other paper tape reader ! Simplicity made possible through the
utilization of the revolutionary PMI printed motor direct drive servo.
Movement of the tape through the read head is achieved by merely start-
ing and stopping a printed motor. The brakes, clutches and pinch rollers
that cause big trouble and down time in conventional tape transports
are completely eliminated.

Line by line cycle: movement of tape (A) over read head (B) is controlled by
drive capstan (C)— attached directly to shaft of PMI printed motor* (D); spring-
loaded rollers (E) hold tape gently against capstan, keeping tape movement in
exact accord with capstan rotation; advance command pulse accelerates motor,
capstan, and tape; as read head detects next sprocket hole, a reverse pulse to
motor halts capstan and tape with next character perfectly aligned in read
head. *U.S. Patents of Printed Motors, Inc. Pending.

PHONE, WIRE OR WRITE FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

CORPORATION

TAPE READER OllVflSOOCVl
Glen Cove, N.Y.

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS

The number of electronic computers installed, or
in production at any one time has been increasing at
a bewildering pace in the past several years. New
vendors have come into the computer market, and
familiar machines have gone out of production. Some
new machines have been received with open arms by
users — others have been given the cold shoulder.

To aid our readers in keeping up with this mush-
rooming activity, the editors of COMPUTERS AND AUTO-
MATION present this monthly report on the number of
American-made general purpose computers installed or
on order as of the preceding month. We update this
computer census monthly, so that it will serve as a

"box-score" of progress for readers interested in
following the growth of the American computer in-
dustry.

Most of the figures are verified by the respec-
tive manufacturers. In cases where this is not so,
estimates are made based upon information in the
reference files of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION. The
figures are then reviewed by a group of computer
industry cognoscenti.

Any additions, or corrections, from informed
readers will be welcomed.

AS OF JULY

20, 1963

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER

NAME OF
COMPUTER

SOLID

STATE?

AVERAGE MONTHLY
RENTAL

DATE OF FIRST
INSTALLATION

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS

NUMBER OF

UNFILLED

ORDERS

Addressograph-Multigraph
Corporation

EDP 900 system

$7500

2/61

Advanced Scientific
Instruments

ASI 210
ASI 420

Y
Y

$2850
$12,500

4/62
2/63

9
1

3
X

Autonetics

RECOMP II
RECOMP III

Y
Y

$2495
$1495

11/58
6/61

125
32

X
X

Burroughs

205

$4600

1/54

220

$14,000

10/58

E101-103

$875

1/56

154

B250

$4200

11/61

B260

$3750

11/62

B270

$7000

7/62

B280

$6500

7/62

B5000

$16,200

3/63

Clary

DE-60/DE-60M

$5 25

2/60

131

Computer Control Co.

DDP-19
DDP-24
SPEC

$2800

$2750

$800

6/61
5/63
5/60

1
10

Control Data Corpo

ration

G-15

$1000

7/55

300

G-20

$15,500

4/61

160/160A

$1750/$ 3000

5/60 & 7/61

310

924/ 924 A

$11,000

8/61

1604/1604A

$35,000

1/60

3600

$52,000

6/63

6600

$120,000

2/64

Digital Equipment

Corp.

PDP-1

Sold only
about $120,000

11/60

PDP-4

Sold only
about $60,000

8/62

PDP-5

Sold only
about $25,000

11/63

El-tronics, Inc.

ALWAC HIE

$1820

2/54

General Electric

210

$16,000

7/59

215

$5500

-/63

225

$7000

1/61

125

235

$10,900

-/64

General Precision

LGP-21

$725

12/62

LGP-30

semi

$1300

9/56

395

L-3000

$45,000

1/60

RPC-4000

$1875

1/61

Honeywell Electron

ic Data

Processing

H-290

$3000

6/60

H-400

$5000

12/61

II-000

$22,000

12/60

H-1400

$14,000

5/64

H-1800

$30,000 up

11/63

DATAmatic 1000

12/57
6/63

5
1

II— W Electronics, I

nc.

HW-15K

$490

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER

NAME OF
COMPUTER

SOLID
STATE?

AVERAGE MONTHLY
RENTAL

DATE OF FIRST
INSTALLATION

NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF UNFILLED
INSTALLATIONS ORDERS

IBM

305

$3600

12/57

790

650-card

$4000

11/54

670

650-RAMAC

$9000

11/54

190

1401

$3500

9/60

6100

2700

1410

$12,000

11/61

210

365

1440

$1800

9/63

1050

1460

$9800

10/63

1620

$2000

9/60

1390

250

701

$5000

4/53

7010

$19,175

2/64

702

$6900

2/55

7030

$160,000

5/61

704

$32,000

12/55

7040

$14,000

6/63

7044

$26,000

6/63

705

$30,000

11/55

140

7070, 2, 4

$24,000

3/60

430

215

7080

$55,000

8/61

709

$40,000

8/58

7090

$64,000

11/59

270

7094

$70,000

9/62

7094 II

$76,000

4/64

Information Systems, Inc.

ISI-609

$4000

2/58

ITT

7300 ADX

$35,000

7/62

Monroe Calculating Machine Co.

Monrobot IX

Sold only -
$5800

3/58

175

Monrobot XI

$700

12/60

265

207

National Cash Register Co.

NCR - 102

- 304

$14,000

1/60

- 310

$2000

5/61

- 315

$8500

5/62

130

- 390

$1850

5/61

389

320

Packard Bell

PB 250

$1200

12/60

150

PB 440

$3500

9/63

Philco

1000

$7010

6/63

2000-212

$52,000

1/63

-210, 211

$40,000

10/58

Radio Corp. of America

Bizmac

-/56

RCA 301

$6000

2/61

256

245

RCA 501

$15,000

6/59

RCA 601

$35,000

11/62

Scientific Data Systems Inc.

SDS-910

$1700

8/62

SDS-920

$2690

9/62

Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc.

TRW- 230

$2680

7/63

RW-300

$6000

3/59

TRW-330

$5000

12/60

TRW-340

$6000

12/63

TRW-530

$6000

8/61

UN I VAC

I & II

$25,000

3/51 & 11/57

Solid-State II

$8500

9/62

III

$20,000

8/62

File Computers

$15,000

8/56

60 & 120

$1200

-/53

860

Solid-state 80,

90, & Step

$8000

8/58

538

120

490

$26,000

12/61

1004

$1500

2/63

100

1475

1050

$7200

9/63

1100 Series (ex-

cept 1107)

$35,000

12/50

1107

$45,000

10/62

LARC

$135,000

5/60

X — no longer in production

TOTALS 16,070

8,203

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

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Two of the punch cards coded.

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Circle No. 9 on Readers Service Card

MAYA WRITING

(Continued from Page 1 / )

The First Results

Before long, the scientists read the
first sentences: "Kavil, the God of
Maize, fires vessels of white clay . . . ,"
"The God of Death fires vessels of
white clay . . . ," "Jaguar [the name
of a deity] fires vessels of white clay
. . . ," "The land of the God of
Death . . . ," "The land of the God
of Maize . . . ," "The food of the God
of Death . . . ," "There is a holiday
in the land of Itsamn [the name of a
deity] . . . ," "The God of War— the
women's burden." The mysterious
manuscripts received a voice.

No Guarantee of Final Accuracy

"Of course, in the solution of such
problems," said the scientists, "there
is no guarantee of absolute truth. We
give only the most probable solution
with the given amount of information.
If the initial amount of information
were greater, the solution naturally
would have been more exact.

"We confined ourselves only to two
manuscripts; the Paris manuscript was
not used, in view of its physical de-
terioration. Moreover, the manuscripts
contain many errors introduced by
the ancient scribes, and many half-
obliterated characters. The names of
the gods, for instance, are represented
by drawings or portraits and not by
phonograms. They were identified
tentatively. We have accomplished
only a part of the work; researchers
in the future will have more to do.

"The system of programs we have
worked out for the Maya manuscripts
can be applied to many other linguis-
tic tasks. Also the Madrid and Dres-
den manuscripts still require careful
study and additional work. There is
much that the philologists could pon-
der over, considering particularly that
the manuscripts represent a kind of
syllabus for priests in performing vari-
ous rites. They are not always coher-
ent. The sentences are often short
and fragmentary."

The Siberian scientists took 10
months (from April 1960 to January
1961) to carry out the investigation.

They proved the expediency of
applying electronic computers in cer-
tain problems of historical science and
its auxiliary divisions — archeology, nu-
mismatics, paleography, as well as de-
cipherment of unknown writing.

Reference

The work done is being reported in
a four-volume work (over 1,000 pages
long), "The Application of Electronic
Computers to the Study of the Written
Language of Ancient Maya," issued by
the Siberian Branch of the USSR
Academy of Science, published at
Novosibirsk, 1961-1963.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

Aug. 4-9, 1963: International Conference and Exhibit on
Aerospace Support, Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington,
D. C; contact F. K. Nichols, Air Defense Div. Directorate
of Operations, DSC/O Hdqs., USAF, Washington 25,
D. C.

Aug. 8-9, 1963: 6th Annual Summer Conference, Pacific
Science Center, Seattle, Wash.; contact Harold Ostling,
Secy., Northwest Computing Association/ P. O. Box 836,
Seahurst, Wash.

Aug. 20-23, 1963: Western Elec. Show and Conference
(WESCON), Cow Palace, San Francisco, Calif.; contact
WESCON, 1435 La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif.

Aug. 27-Sept. 4, 1963: 2nd International Congress on Auto-
matic Control Swiss Industries Fair, Basle, Switzerland;
contact R. M. Emberson, Professional Groups Secretary,
IEEE, Box A, Lenox Hill Station, New York 21, N. Y.

Aug. 28-30, 1963: Association for Computing Machinery,
Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo.

Sept. 9-11, 1963: 7th National Convention on Military
Electronics (MIL-E-CON 7), Shoreham Hotel, Washing-
ton, D. C; contact L. D. Whitelock, Exhibits Chairman,
5614 Greentree Road, Bethesda 14, Md.

Sept. 9-12, 1963: 18th Annual ISA Instrument-Automation
Conference & Exhibit, McCormick Place, Chicago, 111.

Sept. 9-12, 1963: International Symposium on Analog and
Digital Techniques Applied to Aeronautics, Liege, Bel-
gium; contact M. Jean Florine, 50, Avenue F. D. Roose-
velt, Brussels 5, Belgium.

Sept. 16-20, 1963: 2nd Institute on Electronic Information
Display Systems, The American University, SGPA, The
Center for Technology and Administration, 1901 F St.,
N.W., Washington 6, D. C; contact Dr. Lowell H. Mat-
tery, The American University, Washington 6, D. C.

Sept. 23-27, 1963: International Telemetering Conference,
London Hilton Hotel, London, England; contact F. G.
McGavock Associates, 3820 E. Colorado Blvd., Pasadena,
Calif.

Oct., 1963: 10th Annual Meeting, PGNS 2nd International
Symposium on Aerospace Nuclear Prop, and Power

Oct. 1-3, 1963: 8th Annual National Space Electronics Sym-
posium, Hotel Fontainebleau, Miami Beach, Fla.; contact
Hugh E. Webber, Martin Co., Orlando, Fla.

Oct. 7-9, 1963: 9th National Communications Symposium,
Hotel Utica, Utica, N. Y.

Oct. 8-11, 1963: Int'l on Electromagnetic Relays, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Japan; contact C. F. Cameron, School
of Eng., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla.

Oct. 14-15, 1963: Materials Handling Conference, Cham-
berlain Hotel, Newport News, Va.; contact R. C. Tench,
C & O Rlwy Co., Rm. 803, C & O Bldg., Huntington 1,
W. Va.

Oct. 14-16, 1963: Systems and Procedures Association, 16th
International Systems Meeting, Hotel Schroeder, Mil-
waukee, Wis.; contact Systems & Procedures Association,
7890 Brookside Dr., Cleveland 38, Ohio

Oct. 17, 1963: 4th Annual Technical Symposium, Univer-
sity of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.; contact Hugh Nichols,
Dunlap and Associates, Inc., 7220 Wisconsin Ave., Be-
thesda, Md.

Oct. 21-23, 1963: East Coast Conference on Aerospace &
Navigational Electronics (ECCANE), Baltimore, Md.

Oct. 24-25, 1963: Symposium on Automatic Production in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institution of
Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London W. C. 2, Eng-
land

Oct. 28-30, 1963: 19th Annual National Electronics Confer-
ence and Exhibition, McCormick Place, Chicago, 111.;
contact Prof. Hansford W. Farris, Electrical Engineering
Dept., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Oct. 28-Nov. 1, 1963: Business Equipment Manufacturers

Assn. Exposition and Conference, New York Coliseum, New
York, N. Y.; contact Richard L. Waddell, BEMA, 235 E.
42nd St., New York 17, N. Y.

Oct. 29-31, 1963: 10th Annual Mtg. PGNS 2nd Intn'l Sym-
posium on Plasma Phenomena & Meas., El Cortez Hotel,
San Diego, Calif.; contact H. A. Thomas, Gen., Atomics
Div., Genl. Dynamics, San Diego, Calif.

Nov. 4-6, 1963: NEREM (Northeast Research and Eng.
Meeting), Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM-IRE Boston
Office, 313 Washington St., Newton, Mass.

Nov. 4-8, 1963: 10th Institute on Electronics in Manage-
ment, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Wash-
ington 6, D. C; contact Marvin M. Wofsey, Asst. Director,
Center for Technology and Administration, The Ameri-
can University, Washington 6, D. C.

Nov. 10-15, 1963: 9th Annual Conference on Magnetism
and Magnetic Materials, Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, Atlan-
tic City, N. J.; contact Mr. C. J. Kriessman, Physics, Ma-
terials and Processes Sec, Box 500, Blue Bell, Pa.

Nov. 12-14, 1963: Fall Joint Computer Conference, Las
Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nev.; contact Mr.
J. D. Madden, System Development Corp., Santa Monica,
Calif.

Nov. 18-20, 1963: 1963 Radio Eall Meeting, Manger Hotel,
Rochester, N. Y.; contact E1A Engineering Dept., Room
2260, 1 1 W. 12 St., New York 36, N. Y.

Nov. 18-20, 1963: Kith Annual Con fere nee on Engineering
in Medicine and Biology, Lord Baltimore Hotel," Balti-
more, Md.; contact Richard Rimbach Associates, 933
Ridge Ave., Pittsburgh 12, Pa.

Nov. 19-21, 1963: Fifth International Automation Congress
and Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; con-
tact International Automation Congress 2c Exposition,
Richard Rimbach Associates, Management, 933 Ridge
Ave., Pittsburgh 12, Pa.

Dec. 5-6, 1963: 14th Nat'l Conference on Vehicular Com-
munications, Dallas, Tex.; contact A. C. Simmons, Comm.
Industries, Inc., 511 N. Akard, Dallas, Tex.

Feb. 3-7, 1964: ASTM International Conference on Mate-
rials, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact H. H.
Hamilton, American Society for Testing and Materials,
1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Feb. 5-7, 1964: 5th Winter Conv. on Military Electronics
(MILECON), Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.;
contact IEEE L. A. Office, 3600 Wilshire Blvd., Los An-
geles, Calif.

Feb. 12-14, 1964: International Solid-States Circuits, Shera-
ton Hotel 2c Univ. of Pa.

Feb. 26-28, 1964: Scintillation and Semiconductor Counter
Symposium, Washington, D. C.

Mar. 23-26, 1964: IRE International Convention, Coliseum
and New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N. Y.; contact
E. K. Gannett, IRE Hdqs., 1 E. 79 St., New York 21, N. Y.

Apr. 21-23, 1964: 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference,
Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. C; contact Zeke
Seligsohn, Pub. Rel. Chairman, 1964 SJCC, 326 E. Mont-
gomery Ave., Rockville, Md.

Apr. 22-24, 1964: SWIRECO (SVV IRE Conf. and Elec.
Show), Dallas Memorial Auditorium, Dallas, Tex.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

TEACHING BY COMPETITIVE GAMES

— Advertisement —

Layman E. Allen
Project ALL (Accelerated Learning of Logic)
Yale Law School
New Haven, Conn.

Preliminary results of efforts to teach mathematical
logic by competitive games suggest that such pedagogical
techniques are beneficial to motivation as well as effec-
tive for learning. A kit of materials called WFF 'N
PROOF, designed to teach two-valued propositional logic,
has been developed in the course of research for the ALL
(Accelerated Learning of Logic) Project at Yale Univer-
sity.

Among the spontaneous remarks in praise of WFF 'N
PROOF that have appeared in letters from players, the
following are selected examples:

• Another bit of intelligence I have to report is that an
eighth-grade boy across the street went down and bought
a copy of the game with his yard-mowing money. This is
perhaps the most sincere testimony you will ever get.

• I recently saw a set brought by a friend from the United
States and, as a student of logic, found it fascinating both
as a competitive game and a method of teaching.

• We have found your WFF 'N PROOF game of Modern
Logic very valuable and would like to obtain two more
sets.

• Congratulations on the design of a most ingenious edu-
cational game.

• Please send me a game of WFF 'N PROOF for my per-
sonal use. The one which I had our company acquire is
so popular that its availability is approaching zero.

• a significant event in the teaching of logic — as sig-
nificant in its field as the launching of the first satellite
in the space race field. If this seems a bit extravagant,
let us point out that challenging competitive games cap-
able of teaching with unadulterated enjoyment are still a
rarity, (review in "DATA PROCESSING DIGEST")

• This "Game of Modern Logic" realizes the ludological
possibilities of symbolic logic, and does so in such a way

that it amuses school children and challenges veteran lo-
gicians, (review in "THE REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS")

• I am very pleased with the WFF 'N PROOF kit which you
sent me at Chico State College. I think there is no better
proof of this than that I am now asking you to send kits to
several others.

• I have seen many of your games "WFF 'N PROOF", but
have never been able to find out where to buy one. ... I
feel that "WFF 'N PROOF" is one of the most interesting
games put out, and if it is not on the market, I feel it
should be !

Similar competitive materials for teaching the basic
operations of arithmetic will also be available in the fall
of 1963.

The success of such gaming techniques in teaching
logic and arithmetic leads to the development of similar
materials for the training of other basic skills relevant
in the computer sciences.

FOR THESE CHALLENGING AND ENTERTAINING
EDUCATIONAL GAMES:

WFF 'N PROOF: The Game of Modern Logic (21 games,
$6.25)

WFF: The Beginner's Game of Modern Logic (2 games,
$1.25)

EQUATIONS: The Game of Creative Mathematics
(5 games, $2. 50)

WRITE TO:

( )

WFF 'N PROOF, Box 71-CA
New Haven, Conn.
Please send me

I enclose payment of $

. Games return-
tisfactory (if in good

able in 7 days for full refund if not sa
condition).

My name and address are attached.

Circle No. 10 on Readers Service Card

ADVERTISING INDEX

Following is the index of advertisements. Each item con-
tains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. , 195 Broadway,

New York 7, N. Y. / Page 2 / N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
Dialight Corp. , 60 Stewart Ave. , Brooklyn 37, N. Y. /

Page 47 / H. J. Gold Co.
Ferroxcube Corporation of America, Saugerties, N. Y. /

Page 48 / Lescarboura Advertising Inc.
International Business Machines Corp. , 590 Madison Ave.

New York 22, N. Y. / Page 23 / Benton & Bowles, Inc.
International Business Machines Corp. , Federal Systems

Div. , 7220 Wisconsin Ave. , Bethesda, Md. / Page 5 /

Benton & Bowles, Inc.
National Cash Register Co. , Main & K Sts. , Dayton,

Ohio / Page 4 / McCann-Erickson, Inc.
Navigation Computer Corp. , 932 Rittenhouse Rd. , Valley

Forge Industrial Park, Norristown, Pa. / Page 44 /

The Roland G. E. Ullman Organization
Photocircuits Corporation, Glen Cove, N. Y. / Page 41 /

Duncan-Brooks, Inc.
United Research Services 1811 Trousdale, Burlingame,

Calif. / Page 47 / Hal Lawrence Incorporated
WFF 'N PROOF, Box 71-CA, New Haven, Conn. /

Page 46 / —

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1963

NEW PATENTS

RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK

Reg. Patent Agent

For«l Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rand
Corp., Long Island City 1, New York

The following is a compilation
of patents pertaining to computer
and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the U. S. Pat-
ent Office," dates of issue as indi-
cated. Each entry consists of patent
number / inventor(s) / assignee /
invention. Printed copies of pat-
ents may be obtained from the U. S.
Commissioner of Patents, Washing-
ton 25, D. C, at a cost of 25 cents
each.

May 14, 1963

3 ,089,9(11 / William M. Overn, Richfield,
and Arthur V. Pohm, White Bear Lake,
Minn. / Sperry Rand Corp., New York,
N. Y., a corp. of Delaware / Binary
Logic Circuits Employing Transformer
and Enhancement Diode Combination.

3,090,031 / George W. Fredericks, Wood-
haven, and William J. Lamneck, Ja-
maica, N. Y. / Bell Telephone Labora-
tories, Inc., New York, N. Y., a corp. of
New York / Parallel-to-Serial Converter
Apparatus.

3,090,()3:> / Smil Ruhman, Waltham and
Klmer T. Johnson, Watertown, Mass. /
Raytheon Company, Lexington, Mass.,
a corp. of Delaware / Digital Comput-
ing Systems.

3,090,037 / Victor T. Shahan, Wappingers
Falls, N. Y. / I.B.M. Corp., New York,
N. Y., a corp. of New York / Magnetic
Memory.

May 21, 1963

3. 000,8^8 / George W. Bain, Fort Wayne,
Ind. / International Telephone and
Telegraph Corp. / System for Large-
Area Display of Information.

3.0!)(),8.'J() / Wincenty Bezdel, London,
Kn gland / International Standard Elec-
tric Corp., New York, N. Y., a corp. of
Delaware / Data-Storage and Data-
I'loicssing Devices.

3,()!)0.923 / Hermann 1\ Wolff, Millbrook,
N. Y. / I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y.,
a corp. of New York / Logic System,
Using Waves Distinguishable as to Fre-
quency.

3,()'.)0,9I3 / Willard D. Lewis, Mendham,
N. J. / Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Inc., New York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. /
Serial Digital Data Processing Circuit.

3,()90,91() / Andrew H. Bobeck, Chatham,
N. J. / Bell Telephone Labs., Inc., New
York, N. Y., a corp. of New York / Elec-
tric Information Handling Circuits.

3,090,917 / George G. Hoberg, Berwyn,
I'a., and Otto Hohnecker, Midland
Park, N. J. / Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich., a corp. of Michigan / Magnetic
Storage System.

May 28, 1963

3,091,700 / Samuel D. Harper, Auburn-
dale, Mass. / Minneapolis-Honeywell
Regulator Co., Minneapolis, Minn., a
corp. of Delaware / Electrical Digital
Coding Apparatus.

SSBfflSffSS 8,

For computers, data
processing, and other
readout applications,
DIALCO offers

Ho. 2**"

i_93l

The complete line of

DATALITES

Ultra-miniature Datalites are available in several

basic styles: Cartridge Holders that accommodate

Dialco's ow^i replaceable Neon or Incandescent

Lamp Cartridges. Unit mounts in 3/8" clearance

hole... For multi-indication, Lamp Cartridges are

mounted on a Data Strip or Data Matrix in any

required configuration... Datalites with permanent

(not replaceable) Neon Lamps may be had with or without built-in resistors... The

"Data Cap" series features a rotatable read-out lens cap; accommodates a clear

(colorless) cartridge. Legends may be hot-stamped on cylindrical lenses ... Styles

shown here are only typical. Send for information on the complete line.

Write for 8-page Datalite Brochure L-160C.

Foremost Manufacturer of Pilot Lights

DMULJCHT

CORPORATION

60 STEWART AVE., BROOKLYN 37, N. Y. • Area Code 212, HYacinth 7-7600
Booths 4528-4529 at tho WESCON Show

Circlo No. 11 on Roadors Sorvico Card

Programmers, Systems Analysts and Designers

OUR "ONE MAN IN A HUNDRED"

NEEDS HELP!

Recently we were able to find the "One Man in a
Hundred" we needed. Now we need more like him, to
help him and his associates expand their long-term in-
formation systems design and programming activities.

Who Is This Man? Statistically speaking, he has the
normal number of wives, 2.7 children, 1.5 dogs, 0.4
horses, is about to buy 40 acres and likes to visit the
"big city" instead of live in it. He likes the country,
earns good money and enjoys his work.

What Is His Job? He develops complex information
systems. He needs systems analysts, programming
systems designers, and programmers with 3 or more
years' experience to help him. Bachelor's degree or
above.

Where Does He Work? Sierra Vista, Arizona. A growing
town in an area with an informal atmosphere and with
plenty of elbow room for those who like the outdoors.

Would You Like To Join Him? For more information
and an immediate reply, call COLLECT or send resume
to: Mr. Calderaro, General Manager, Arizona Research
Center. Telephone No. (602) 458-3311, ext. 4109.

UNITED RESEARCH SERVICES

Box 1025, Sierra Vista, Arizona

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Circle No. 12 on Readers Scrvico Card

every bit assured

=Zj

1 CZ;

THREE 100% QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE TESTS ELIMINATE
MARGINAL PERFORMANCE AND ASSURE OPTIMUM OPERATING
LEVELS IN EVERY FERROXCUBE MEMORY STACK...

Narrow range quality control standards, starting with the firing of the individual core,
and carried through to the finished, cabled stack, assure optimum operating levels in
Ferroxcube ferrite memory planes and stacks. Cores are individually tested, 100%, on all
electrical parameters with disturb ratios of 0.61 or greater . . . then a 100,000 lot sampling
and measurement on special highly precise, linear standard core tester. Each core is again
tested, 100%, after wiring into the plane. Highest possible disturb ratios are employed so
marginal cores can be isolated and replaced. The plane test includes measurements with all
"1", all "0", and double checkerboard pattern. The completed stack is given a final opera-
tional test which includes a complete 100% testing of all bits in the stack.

With Ferroxcube planes and stacks, you are every bit assured . . .

Write for complete data . . .

CORPORATION OF AMERICA

SAUGERTIES, NEW YORK

See Ferroxcube at WESCON Booths 4506-4507
Circle No. 13 on Readers Service Card

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